R में बूटस्ट्रैप पुनर्नमूनाकरण

set.seed(42)
x <- c(2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 100, 1, 3, 5)
# Notice the outlier 100 - makes the mean unreliable
B <- 5000; n <- length(x)

# Bootstrap distribution of the median
boot_medians <- replicate(B, {
  median(sample(x, n, replace = TRUE))
})

# Bootstrap distribution of the trimmed mean (10%)
boot_tmeans <- replicate(B, {
  mean(sample(x, n, replace = TRUE), trim = 0.1)
})

cat('Sample median:', median(x), '\n')
cat('Bootstrap SE of median:', sd(boot_medians), '\n')
cat('Bootstrap SE of trimmed mean:', sd(boot_tmeans))

set.seed(42)
x <- rnorm(30, mean = 5, sd = 2)
B <- 5000; n <- length(x)

# Bootstrap CI for the mean
boot_means <- replicate(B, mean(sample(x, n, replace = TRUE)))

# Percentile CI
ci_percentile <- quantile(boot_means, c(0.025, 0.975))
cat('Percentile CI:', round(ci_percentile, 3), '\n')

# For comparison: t-interval (parametric)
t_ci <- mean(x) + qt(c(0.025, 0.975), df = n-1) * sd(x)/sqrt(n)
cat('t-interval CI:', round(t_ci, 3), '\n')

cat('True mean: 5')

set.seed(42)
# Bootstrap SE for the ratio of two means
group_a <- rnorm(20, mean = 10, sd = 2)
group_b <- rnorm(20, mean = 8, sd = 2)
all_data <- data.frame(
  value = c(group_a, group_b),
  group = rep(c('A', 'B'), each = 20)
)

B <- 4000; n <- nrow(all_data)
boot_ratio <- replicate(B, {
  idx <- sample(1:n, n, replace = TRUE)
  d <- all_data[idx, ]
  mean(d$value[d$group == 'A']) /
    mean(d$value[d$group == 'B'])
})

cat('Observed ratio:', mean(group_a)/mean(group_b), '\n')
cat('Bootstrap SE:', round(sd(boot_ratio), 4), '\n')
cat('95% CI:', round(quantile(boot_ratio, c(.025,.975)), 3))

# BCa CI implementation
bca_ci <- function(data, stat_fn, B = 2000, alpha = 0.05) {
  n <- length(data)
  theta_hat <- stat_fn(data)
  # Bootstrap replicates
  boot_vals <- replicate(B, stat_fn(sample(data, n, replace = TRUE)))
  # Bias correction z0
  z0 <- qnorm(mean(boot_vals < theta_hat))
  # Acceleration a (jackknife)
  jk <- sapply(seq_len(n), function(i) stat_fn(data[-i]))
  num <- sum((mean(jk) - jk)^3)
  den <- 6 * (sum((mean(jk) - jk)^2))^(3/2)
  a <- num / den
  # Adjusted quantiles
  z_alpha <- qnorm(c(alpha/2, 1 - alpha/2))
  p_adj <- pnorm(z0 + (z0 + z_alpha) / (1 - a * (z0 + z_alpha)))
  quantile(boot_vals, p_adj)
}

set.seed(42)
x <- rexp(25, rate = 0.5)  # skewed distribution
bca_ci(x, median)

set.seed(42)
n <- 40
x <- runif(n, 0, 10)
y <- 2 + 1.5 * x + rnorm(n, sd = 2)
df <- data.frame(x = x, y = y)
B <- 3000

# Bootstrap the slope coefficient
boot_slopes <- replicate(B, {
  idx <- sample(1:n, n, replace = TRUE)
  d_boot <- df[idx, ]
  coef(lm(y ~ x, data = d_boot))[2]
})

cat('OLS slope:', round(coef(lm(y~x, data=df))[2], 3), '\n')
cat('Bootstrap SE of slope:', round(sd(boot_slopes), 4), '\n')
cat('Bootstrap 95% CI:', round(quantile(boot_slopes, c(.025,.975)), 3))

set.seed(42)
x <- rnorm(50, mean = 3, sd = 1)
B_values <- c(100, 500, 1000, 2000, 5000, 10000)

# See how CI width varies with B
results <- sapply(B_values, function(B) {
  boot_m <- replicate(B, mean(sample(x, length(x), replace = TRUE)))
  q <- quantile(boot_m, c(0.025, 0.975))
  q[2] - q[1]  # CI width
})

result_df <- data.frame(B = B_values, ci_width = round(results, 4))
print(result_df)
# CI width stabilizes as B increases

set.seed(42)
# Paired data: before/after treatment
before <- c(10, 12, 8, 15, 11, 9, 14, 13)
after  <- c(12, 14, 9, 16, 11, 10, 15, 12)
n <- length(before)
B <- 4000

# Bootstrap paired mean difference
boot_diff <- replicate(B, {
  idx <- sample(1:n, n, replace = TRUE)
  mean(after[idx] - before[idx])
})

observed_diff <- mean(after - before)
cat('Observed mean diff:', observed_diff, '\n')
cat('Bootstrap SE:', round(sd(boot_diff), 4), '\n')
cat('95% CI:', round(quantile(boot_diff, c(0.025, 0.975)), 3))

set.seed(42)
# Test H0: mean = 0 vs H1: mean != 0
x <- rnorm(30, mean = 0.5, sd = 2)
theta0 <- 0  # null hypothesis
observed_t <- (mean(x) - theta0) / (sd(x) / sqrt(length(x)))

B <- 5000; n <- length(x)
# Shift x to have mean = theta0 under H0
x_centered <- x - mean(x) + theta0

boot_t <- replicate(B, {
  x_star <- sample(x_centered, n, replace = TRUE)
  (mean(x_star) - theta0) / (sd(x_star) / sqrt(n))
})

p_value <- mean(abs(boot_t) >= abs(observed_t))
cat('Observed t:', round(observed_t, 3), '\n')
cat('Bootstrap p-value:', round(p_value, 4))

# library(boot)  # uncomment to use

# The boot() statistic function signature:
# statistic(data, indices) -> scalar or vector

# Example (conceptual - requires boot package):
# mean_stat <- function(data, indices) {
#   mean(data[indices])
# }
# results <- boot(data = x, statistic = mean_stat, R = 5000)
# boot.ci(results, type = c('perc', 'bca'))  # CIs
# plot(results)  # histogram of bootstrap distribution

# Manual equivalent:
set.seed(42)
x <- rnorm(30, mean = 5)
B <- 2000
boot_vals <- replicate(B, mean(sample(x, length(x), replace = TRUE)))
quantile(boot_vals, c(0.025, 0.975))

set.seed(42)
x <- c(3, 5, 7, 2, 9, 4, 6, 8, 1, 10)
n <- length(x); B <- 3000

# Generic bootstrap template:
boot_stat <- replicate(B, {
  x_star <- sample(x, n, replace = TRUE)
  median(x_star)  # replace with any statistic
})

# Summary
cat('Original median:', median(x), '\n')
cat('Bootstrap SE:', round(sd(boot_stat), 3), '\n')
ci <- quantile(boot_stat, c(0.025, 0.975))
cat('95% Percentile CI: [', ci[1], ',', ci[2], ']')