السلوكيات متعددة الأشكال

نظرة عامة على تعدد الأشكال

واجهة API واحدة لجميع الأشكال

using System;

public interface IShape
{
  double Area();
  double Perimeter();
}

public sealed class Rectangle : IShape
{
  private readonly double _w, _h;
  public Rectangle(double w, double h) { _w = w; _h = h; }
  public double Area() { return _w * _h; }
  public double Perimeter() { return 2 * (_w + _h); }
}

public sealed class Circle : IShape
{
  private readonly double _r;
  public Circle(double r) { _r = r; }
  public double Area() { return 3.14159 * _r * _r; }
  public double Perimeter() { return 2 * 3.14159 * _r; }
}

public class Program
{
  // One function works for any IShape (dynamic dispatch on overrides)
  static void PrintSummary(IShape s)
  {
    Console.WriteLine("A=" + s.Area() + " P=" + s.Perimeter());
  }

  public static void Main(string[] args)
  {
    PrintSummary(new Rectangle(3, 4));
    PrintSummary(new Circle(2));
  }
}

معالجة قائمة مختلطة

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

public interface IShape { double Area(); double Perimeter(); }

public sealed class Rectangle : IShape
{
  private readonly double _w, _h;
  public Rectangle(double w, double h) { _w = w; _h = h; }
  public double Area() { return _w * _h; }
  public double Perimeter() { return 2 * (_w + _h); }
}

public sealed class Circle : IShape
{
  private readonly double _r;
  public Circle(double r) { _r = r; }
  public double Area() { return 3.14159 * _r * _r; }
  public double Perimeter() { return 2 * 3.14159 * _r; }
}

public class Program
{
  public static void Main(string[] args)
  {
    List<IShape> shapes = new List<IShape>();
    shapes.Add(new Rectangle(2, 5));
    shapes.Add(new Circle(1.5));
    shapes.Add(new Rectangle(1, 1));

    foreach (IShape s in shapes)
    {
      Console.WriteLine("A=" + s.Area());
    }
  }
}

قابلية التوسعة

using System;

public interface IShape { double Area(); double Perimeter(); }

public sealed class Triangle : IShape
{
  private readonly double _a, _b, _c;
  public Triangle(double a, double b, double c) { _a = a; _b = b; _c = c; }
  public double Perimeter() { return _a + _b + _c; }
  public double Area()
  {
    double s = (_a + _b + _c) / 2.0;
    return Math.Sqrt(s * (s - _a) * (s - _b) * (s - _c));
  }
}

public class Program
{
  // Existing helper still works; no changes needed
  static void Show(IShape s) { Console.WriteLine("A=" + s.Area() + " P=" + s.Perimeter()); }

  public static void Main(string[] args)
  {
    Show(new Triangle(3, 4, 5)); // new type plugs in
  }
}

تركيب السلوك (strategy)

using System;

public interface IShape { double Area(); double Perimeter(); }

public sealed class Rectangle : IShape
{
  private readonly double _w, _h;
  public Rectangle(double w, double h) { _w = w; _h = h; }
  public double Area() { return _w * _h; }
  public double Perimeter() { return 2 * (_w + _h); }
}

// Small strategy interface for formatting
public interface IShapeFormatter
{
  string Format(IShape s);
}

public sealed class SimpleFormatter : IShapeFormatter
{
  public string Format(IShape s) { return "A=" + s.Area() + " P=" + s.Perimeter(); }
}

public class Program
{
  static void Print(IShape s, IShapeFormatter f)
  {
    Console.WriteLine(f.Format(s));
  }

  public static void Main(string[] args)
  {
    Print(new Rectangle(3, 2), new SimpleFormatter());
  }
}

نصائح حول تعدد الأشكال

فائدة الواجهة

مراجعة