กฎการกระจายค่า

import numpy as np

# Adding a scalar to an array is the simplest broadcast
a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
print(a + 10)  # [11 12 13]
# Scalar 10 is 'broadcast' to shape (3,)

import numpy as np

m = np.ones((4, 3))
v = np.array([10, 20, 30])  # shape (3,) -> treated as (1, 3)

result = m + v   # shape (4, 3)
print(result)
# [[11. 21. 31.]
#  [11. 21. 31.]
#  [11. 21. 31.]
#  [11. 21. 31.]]

import numpy as np

# (3, 1) + (1, 4)  -->  (3, 4)
col = np.array([[1], [2], [3]])    # shape (3, 1)
row = np.array([[10, 20, 30, 40]]) # shape (1, 4)
print((col + row).shape)  # (3, 4)
print(col + row)

import numpy as np

a = np.ones(3)
b = np.ones(4)
try:
    a + b
except ValueError as e:
    print(e)
# operands could not be broadcast together with shapes (3,) (4,)

import numpy as np

data = np.array([[1., 2., 3.],
                 [4., 5., 6.],
                 [7., 8., 9.]])

col_mean = data.mean(axis=0)          # shape (3,)
centred = data - col_mean             # broadcast along axis 0
print(centred)
# [[-3. -3. -3.]
#  [ 0.  0.  0.]
#  [ 3.  3.  3.]]

import numpy as np

m = np.array([[1., 2., 3.],
              [4., 5., 6.]])

row_sums = m.sum(axis=1, keepdims=True)  # shape (2, 1)
normed = m / row_sums
print(normed.round(3))
# [[0.167 0.333 0.5  ]
#  [0.267 0.333 0.4  ]]

import numpy as np

a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
b = np.array([10, 20, 30, 40])

outer = a[:, np.newaxis] * b[np.newaxis, :]
print(outer)
# [[ 10  20  30  40]
#  [ 20  40  60  80]
#  [ 30  60  90 120]]

import numpy as np

batch = np.random.rand(100, 28, 28)  # 100 images
pixel_mean = batch.mean(axis=0, keepdims=True)  # (1, 28, 28)
centred = batch - pixel_mean          # (100, 28, 28)
print(centred.shape)  # (100, 28, 28)

import numpy as np

a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
view = np.broadcast_to(a, (4, 3))
print(view)
# [[1 2 3]
#  [1 2 3]
#  [1 2 3]
#  [1 2 3]]
print(view.flags.writeable)  # False

# Shape compatibility examples:
# (3, 4) + (   4) -> (3, 4)  OK: 4==4, 1 implied
# (3, 4) + (3, 1) -> (3, 4)  OK: 4 vs 1, 3==3
# (2, 3, 4) + (3, 4) -> (2, 3, 4)  OK
# (3, 4) + (3,  ) -> ERROR: 4 vs 3
import numpy as np
print(np.zeros((3,4)).shape)       # (3, 4)
print((np.zeros((3,4)) + np.zeros(4)).shape)  # (3, 4)

import numpy as np

m = np.arange(6).reshape(2, 3)
row_max = m.max(axis=1)            # shape (2,)  NOT (2,1)
print(row_max.shape)               # (2,)
# m - row_max  -> ERROR: shapes (2,3) and (2,) misalign

row_max_col = row_max[:, np.newaxis]  # shape (2, 1)
print((m - row_max_col).shape)     # (2, 3)  OK