การเขียนทับและพหุรูป

การเขียนทับเมธอด

local Shape={} Shape.__index=Shape
function Shape:area() return 0 end
function Shape:describe() print(type(self).." area="..self:area()) end

local Circle={} Circle.__index=Circle
setmetatable(Circle,{__index=Shape})
function Circle.new(r) return setmetatable({r=r},Circle) end
function Circle:area() return math.pi*self.r^2 end

local Square={} Square.__index=Square
setmetatable(Square,{__index=Shape})
function Square.new(s) return setmetatable({s=s},Square) end
function Square:area() return self.s^2 end

Circle.new(5):describe()
Square.new(4):describe()

การเลือกใช้แบบพหุรูป

local shapes={
  Circle.new(3),
  Square.new(4),
  Circle.new(1),
}

local total=0
for _,shape in ipairs(shapes) do
  total=total+shape:area()
end
print(string.format("Total area: %.2f",total))

การพิมพ์แบบเป็ด

local function makeNoise(obj)
  if type(obj.speak)=="function" then
    obj:speak()
  else
    print("(silent)")
  end
end

local Duck={speak=function(self) print("Quack!") end}
local Robot={speak=function(self) print("Beep boop!") end}
local Rock={}

makeNoise(Duck)   -- Quack!
makeNoise(Robot)  -- Beep boop!
makeNoise(Rock)   -- (silent)

พหุรูปของตัวดำเนินการ

local Vec2={} Vec2.__index=Vec2
Vec2.__add=function(a,b) return Vec2.new(a.x+b.x,a.y+b.y) end
Vec2.__tostring=function(v) return "("..v.x..","..v.y..")" end
function Vec2.new(x,y) return setmetatable({x=x,y=y},Vec2) end

local Color={} Color.__index=Color
Color.__add=function(a,b)
  return Color.new(math.min(255,a.r+b.r),math.min(255,a.g+b.g),math.min(255,a.b+b.b))
end
function Color.new(r,g,b) return setmetatable({r=r,g=g,b=b},Color) end

print(tostring(Vec2.new(1,2)+Vec2.new(3,4)))  -- (4,6)

รูปแบบผู้เยี่ยมชม

local function printInfo(obj)
  local mt = getmetatable(obj)
  if mt == Circle then
    print(string.format("Circle r=%.1f area=%.2f",obj.r,obj:area()))
  elseif mt == Square then
    print(string.format("Square s=%.1f area=%.2f",obj.s,obj:area()))
  end
end
for _,s in ipairs({Circle.new(3),Square.new(4)}) do
  printInfo(s)
end

ตารางอินเทอร์เฟซ

local function implements(obj, interface)
  for _, method in ipairs(interface) do
    if type(obj[method]) ~= "function" then
      return false, "missing: "..method
    end
  end
  return true
end

local Drawable = {"draw","resize","move"}

local Widget = {
  draw=function(self) print("draw "..self.type) end,
  resize=function(self,w,h) self.w,self.h=w,h end,
  move=function(self,x,y) self.x,self.y=x,y end,
  type="button"
}

local ok,err = implements(Widget,Drawable)
print(ok,err)  -- true nil

การตรวจสอบว่ามีเมธอด

local function maybeUpdate(obj, dt)
  if type(obj.update)=="function" then
    obj:update(dt)
  end
end

local objects={
  {x=0,y=0,update=function(self,dt) self.x=self.x+10*dt end},
  {x=0,y=0},  -- no update
  {x=0,y=0,update=function(self,dt) self.y=self.y+5*dt end},
}

for _,o in ipairs(objects) do maybeUpdate(o,1) end
for _,o in ipairs(objects) do print(o.x,o.y) end

ตารางเลือกใช้ตามชนิด

local handlers={
  number  = function(v) return "num:"..v end,
  string  = function(v) return "str:\"".."..v.."\"" end,
  boolean = function(v) return "bool:"..(v and "T" or "F") end,
  table   = function(v) return "tbl:#"..tostring(#v) end,
}

local function describe(v)
  local h=handlers[type(v)]
  return h and h(v) or "unknown"
end

print(describe(42))
print(describe("hello"))
print(describe({1,2,3}))

ค่าที่ส่งกลับแบบแปรผันร่วม

local Base={} Base.__index=Base
function Base.new() return setmetatable({type="base"},Base) end
function Base:copy() return Base.new() end

local Child={} Child.__index=Child
setmetatable(Child,{__index=Base})
function Child.new(extra)
  local self=setmetatable({type="child"},Child)
  self.extra=extra; return self
end
function Child:copy() return Child.new(self.extra) end  -- covariant

local c=Child.new("hello")
local c2=c:copy()
print(c2.extra,getmetatable(c2)==Child)  -- hello true

สรุปพหุรูป

-- Three ways to achieve polymorphism:
-- 1. Metatable inheritance + method override
-- 2. Duck typing: just call it if it exists
-- 3. Dispatch table: map type -> handler

local function area(shape)
  -- Duck typing approach:
  assert(type(shape.area)=="function","needs area()")
  return shape:area()
end

print(area({area=function() return 16 end}))  -- 16

คำถามเกี่ยวกับพหุรูป

ทบทวน: การเขียนทับและพหุรูป