เมทาเมธอดทางเลขคณิต

ชื่อเมธอดแปลงค่า

-- Operator -> Metamethod
-- a + b    -> __add
-- a - b    -> __sub
-- a * b    -> __mul
-- a / b    -> __div
-- a % b    -> __mod
-- a ^ b    -> __pow
-- a // b   -> __idiv
-- -a       -> __unm (unary minus)
-- #a       -> __len
print("Metamethods defined for all Lua operators")

__add สำหรับการบวกเวกเตอร์

local Vec = {}
Vec.__index = Vec

Vec.__add = function(a, b)
  return setmetatable({x=a.x+b.x, y=a.y+b.y}, Vec)
end

Vec.__tostring = function(v)
  return string.format("Vec(%g,%g)", v.x, v.y)
end

function Vec.new(x,y) return setmetatable({x=x,y=y},Vec) end

local v1 = Vec.new(1,2)
local v2 = Vec.new(3,4)
print(tostring(v1 + v2))   -- Vec(4,6)

__sub __mul __div

local Vec = {}
Vec.__index = Vec
local function V(x,y) return setmetatable({x=x,y=y},Vec) end
Vec.__sub = function(a,b) return V(a.x-b.x, a.y-b.y) end
Vec.__mul = function(a,b)
  if type(a)=="number" then return V(a*b.x, a*b.y)
  elseif type(b)=="number" then return V(a.x*b, a.y*b)
  else return a.x*b.x + a.y*b.y  -- dot product
  end
end
Vec.__tostring=function(v) return "("..v.x..","..v.y..")" end

local v = V(3,4)
print(tostring(v * 2))    -- (6,8)
print(tostring(V(1,0) - V(0,1)))  -- (1,-1)

__unm การลบแบบเอกภาค

local Vec = {}
Vec.__index = Vec
local function V(x,y) return setmetatable({x=x,y=y},Vec) end
Vec.__unm = function(a) return V(-a.x, -a.y) end
Vec.__tostring = function(v)
  return string.format("(%g,%g)", v.x, v.y)
end

local v = V(3, -4)
print(tostring(-v))    -- (-3,4)
print(tostring(-(-v))) -- (3,-4)

__len สำหรับความยาวแบบกำหนดเอง

local Bag = {}
Bag.__index = Bag
Bag.__len = function(b) return b._count end

function Bag.new()
  return setmetatable({_count=0, _items={}}, Bag)
end
function Bag:add(item, qty)
  self._items[item] = (self._items[item] or 0) + (qty or 1)
  self._count = self._count + (qty or 1)
end

local bag = Bag.new()
bag:add("apple", 3)
bag:add("banana", 2)
print(#bag)   -- 5

__mod และ __pow

local Modular = {}
Modular.__index = Modular
local M = 1000000007

local function mod(n)
  return setmetatable({n = n % M}, Modular)
end

Modular.__add = function(a,b) return mod(a.n + b.n) end
Modular.__mul = function(a,b) return mod(a.n * b.n) end
Modular.__pow = function(a,b)
  local r, base, exp = mod(1), a, b
  while exp > 0 do
    if exp%2==1 then r = r*base end
    base = base*base; exp = math.floor(exp/2)
  end
  return r
end

print((mod(2) ^ 30).n)   -- 73741817 (2^30 mod 1e9+7)

__concat

local Builder = {}
Builder.__index = Builder
Builder.__concat = function(a, b)
  local result = {}
  for _, v in ipairs(a._parts) do result[#result+1] = v end
  if type(b) == "string" then result[#result+1] = b
  else for _, v in ipairs(b._parts) do result[#result+1] = v end end
  return setmetatable({_parts=result}, Builder)
end
Builder.build = function(b) return table.concat(b._parts) end

local function S(s) return setmetatable({_parts={s}},Builder) end
print((S("Hello") .. ", " .. S("World") .. "!"):build())

เมธอดแปลงค่าสำหรับการเปรียบเทียบ

local Vec = {}
Vec.__index = Vec
local function V(x,y) return setmetatable({x=x,y=y},Vec) end

Vec.__eq = function(a,b) return a.x==b.x and a.y==b.y end
Vec.__lt = function(a,b)
  return (a.x^2+a.y^2) < (b.x^2+b.y^2)  -- by magnitude
end

print(V(1,2) == V(1,2))  -- true
print(V(1,2) == V(1,3))  -- false
print(V(1,0) < V(2,0))   -- true (1 < 2)

การเชื่อมเมธอดแปลงค่า

local Vec = {}
Vec.__index = Vec
local function V(x,y) return setmetatable({x=x,y=y},Vec) end
Vec.__add = function(a,b) return V(a.x+b.x,a.y+b.y) end
Vec.__mul = function(a,b)
  if type(b)=="number" then return V(a.x*b,a.y*b) end
  return V(a.x*b.x+a.y*b.y, 0)   -- simplified
end
Vec.__tostring=function(v) return "("..v.x..","..v.y..")" end

local result = V(1,0) + V(0,1) * 3
print(tostring(result))   -- (1,3)

การดำเนินการกับชนิดข้อมูลผสม

local Vec = {}
Vec.__index = Vec
local function V(x,y) return setmetatable({x=x,y=y},Vec) end
Vec.__tostring = function(v) return "("..v.x..","..v.y..")" end

Vec.__mul = function(a, b)
  if type(a) == "number" then
    return V(a*b.x, a*b.y)   -- scalar * vec
  elseif type(b) == "number" then
    return V(a.x*b, a.y*b)   -- vec * scalar
  end
  return a.x*b.x + a.y*b.y  -- dot product
end

print(tostring(V(1,2) * 3))  -- (3,6)
print(tostring(3 * V(1,2)))  -- (3,6)

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ทบทวน: เมธอดแปลงค่าทางเลขคณิต