การเขียนทับ GetHashCode

เหตุใด GetHashCode จึงสำคัญ

กฎทองคำ

using System;

public struct Point
{
    public int X, Y;
    public Point(int x, int y) { X = x; Y = y; }
    public override bool Equals(object obj) => obj is Point p && p.X == X && p.Y == Y;
    public override int GetHashCode() => HashCode.Combine(X, Y);
}

public class Program
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        var a = new Point(1, 2);
        var b = new Point(1, 2);
        Console.WriteLine(a.Equals(b));
        Console.WriteLine(a.GetHashCode() == b.GetHashCode());
    }
}

ใช้ HashCode.Combine

using System;

public struct Color
{
    public int R, G, B;
    public Color(int r, int g, int b) { R = r; G = g; B = b; }
    public override bool Equals(object obj) => obj is Color c && c.R == R && c.G == G && c.B == B;
    public override int GetHashCode() => HashCode.Combine(R, G, B);
}

public class Program
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        Console.WriteLine(new Color(255, 0, 0).GetHashCode() == new Color(255, 0, 0).GetHashCode());
    }
}

วางการตรวจสอบความเท่ากันและการทำแฮชไว้ด้วยกัน

using System;

public class Book
{
    public string Title;
    public int Year;
    public Book(string title, int year) { Title = title; Year = year; }
    public override bool Equals(object obj)
        => obj is Book b && b.Title == Title && b.Year == Year;
    public override int GetHashCode() => HashCode.Combine(Title, Year);
}

public class Program
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        var a = new Book("C#", 2020);
        var b = new Book("C#", 2020);
        Console.WriteLine(a.GetHashCode() == b.GetHashCode());
    }
}

เหตุใด Dictionary จึงต้องใช้สิ่งนี้

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

public struct Coord
{
    public int X, Y;
    public Coord(int x, int y) { X = x; Y = y; }
    public override bool Equals(object obj) => obj is Coord c && c.X == X && c.Y == Y;
    public override int GetHashCode() => HashCode.Combine(X, Y);
}

public class Program
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        var map = new Dictionary<Coord, string> { [new Coord(2, 3)] = "hit" };
        Console.WriteLine(map[new Coord(2, 3)]);
    }
}

การทำแฮชจากฟิลด์ที่ไม่เปลี่ยนแปลง

using System;

public class Account
{
    public readonly int Id; // immutable, safe to hash
    public string Nickname; // mutable, do not hash
    public Account(int id, string nick) { Id = id; Nickname = nick; }
    public override bool Equals(object obj) => obj is Account a && a.Id == Id;
    public override int GetHashCode() => Id.GetHashCode();
}

public class Program
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        var acc = new Account(42, "old");
        int h1 = acc.GetHashCode();
        acc.Nickname = "new"; // does not change the hash
        Console.WriteLine(h1 == acc.GetHashCode());
    }
}

การจัดการฟิลด์ที่เป็นค่าว่าง

using System;

public class Tag
{
    public string Name;
    public Tag(string name) { Name = name; }
    public override bool Equals(object obj) => obj is Tag t && t.Name == Name;
    public override int GetHashCode() => HashCode.Combine(Name); // null-safe
}

public class Program
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        Console.WriteLine(new Tag(null).GetHashCode() == new Tag(null).GetHashCode());
    }
}

การชนกันเป็นเรื่องปกติ

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

public class Program
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        var set = new HashSet<int>();
        for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) set.Add(i);
        // Equality still works perfectly even though hashing is imperfect in general
        Console.WriteLine(set.Contains(3));
        Console.WriteLine(set.Contains(99));
    }
}

ระเบียนสร้างสิ่งนี้ให้โดยอัตโนมัติ

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

public record Coord(int X, int Y);

public class Program
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        var set = new HashSet<Coord> { new Coord(1, 1) };
        Console.WriteLine(set.Contains(new Coord(1, 1)));
    }
}

ชนิดข้อมูลที่ตรวจสอบความเท่ากันได้อย่างถูกต้อง

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

public struct ProductKey
{
    public string Sku;
    public int Variant;
    public ProductKey(string sku, int variant) { Sku = sku; Variant = variant; }
    public override bool Equals(object obj)
        => obj is ProductKey k && k.Sku == Sku && k.Variant == Variant;
    public override int GetHashCode() => HashCode.Combine(Sku, Variant);
}

public class Program
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        var stock = new Dictionary<ProductKey, int>
        {
            [new ProductKey("ABC", 1)] = 10
        };
        Console.WriteLine(stock[new ProductKey("ABC", 1)]);
    }
}

ลองทำด้วยตนเอง

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

public struct Name
{
    public string First, Last;
    public Name(string first, string last) { First = first; Last = last; }
    public override bool Equals(object obj) => obj is Name n && n.First == First && n.Last == Last;
    public override int GetHashCode() => HashCode.Combine(First, Last);
}

public class Program
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        var a = new Name("Ada", "Lovelace");
        var b = new Name("Ada", "Lovelace");
        Console.WriteLine(a.Equals(b) + " " + (a.GetHashCode() == b.GetHashCode()));
        var people = new HashSet<Name> { a };
        Console.WriteLine(people.Contains(b));
    }
}

ตรวจสอบอย่างรวดเร็ว

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