면접을 위한 Python 문자열 API

Python의 문자열은 변경할 수 없습니다

s = 'hello'
# s[0] = 'H'  # TypeError!

# In-place mutation pattern:
chars = list(s)
chars[0] = 'H'
result = ''.join(chars)
print(result)  # 'Hello'

# Reversing a string
print(s[::-1])           # 'olleh'
print(''.join(reversed(s)))  # 'olleh'

split()과 join(): 파싱 및 구성

# split
sentence = '  hello   world  '
words = sentence.split()    # ['hello', 'world']
print(words)

csv = 'a,b,c,d'
parts = csv.split(',')      # ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
print(parts)

# join
print(' '.join(words))      # 'hello world'
print(','.join(['x','y','z']))  # 'x,y,z'

# Reverse words in a sentence
print(' '.join(sentence.split()[::-1]))  # 'world hello'

find(), index() 및 포함 연산자

s = 'abcabcabc'
print(s.find('bc'))          # 1  (first occurrence)
print(s.find('bc', 2))       # 4  (search from index 2)
print(s.find('xyz'))         # -1 (not found)
print('abc' in s)            # True

# Count occurrences manually
count = 0
start = 0
while True:
    idx = s.find('bc', start)
    if idx == -1: break
    count += 1
    start = idx + 1
print(count)  # 3

replace(), strip() 및 대소문자 메서드

s = '  Hello, World!  '
print(s.strip())          # 'Hello, World!'
print(s.strip().lower())  # 'hello, world!'

print('banana'.replace('a', 'o'))   # 'bonono'
print('banana'.replace('a', 'o', 2)) # 'bonona'

# Normalise for comparison
def same_ignoring_case(a, b):
    return a.lower() == b.lower()

print(same_ignoring_case('Racecar', 'racecar'))  # True

startswith(), endswith() 및 isalnum()

print('hello'.startswith('hel'))   # True
print('hello'.endswith(('lo', 'la')))  # True

# isalnum for palindrome filtering
def clean(s):
    return ''.join(c.lower() for c in s if c.isalnum())

print(clean('A man, a plan, a canal: Panama'))
# 'amanaplanacanalpanama'
print(clean('123abc!@#'))
# '123abc'

문자 코드 변환과 ASCII 산술

print(ord('a'))   # 97
print(ord('z'))   # 122
print(chr(65))    # 'A'

# Frequency array for lowercase letters
def char_freq(s):
    freq = [0] * 26
    for c in s:
        freq[ord(c) - ord('a')] += 1
    return freq

print(char_freq('anagram'))  # [3,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
# index 0='a'(3), 6='g'(1), 12='m'(1), 17='r'(1)

출력을 위한 문자열 형식 지정

name = 'Alice'
score = 95.678

# f-string (preferred in interviews)
print(f'{name}: {score:.1f}')      # Alice: 95.7
print(f'{name:>10}: {score:05.1f}') # right-align

# Zero-pad an integer
print(f'{42:04d}')   # 0042

# Join and format a list
nums = [1, 2, 3, 4]
print(', '.join(str(n) for n in nums))  # '1, 2, 3, 4'

join()으로 효율적으로 문자열 만들기

# SLOW: O(n^2) due to repeated string allocation
def build_bad(chars):
    s = ''
    for c in chars:
        s += c  # creates a new string each time!
    return s

# FAST: O(n)
def build_good(chars):
    parts = []
    for c in chars:
        parts.append(c)
    return ''.join(parts)  # single allocation

# Or even more concise:
def build_best(chars):
    return ''.join(chars)

print(build_best(['h','e','l','l','o']))  # 'hello'

문자열에서 정수와 실수 파싱하기

def my_atoi(s):
    s = s.lstrip()  # remove leading spaces
    if not s: return 0
    sign = 1
    idx = 0
    if s[0] in '-+':
        sign = -1 if s[0] == '-' else 1
        idx = 1
    num = 0
    while idx < len(s) and s[idx].isdigit():
        num = num * 10 + int(s[idx])
        idx += 1
    result = sign * num
    INT_MAX, INT_MIN = 2**31 - 1, -(2**31)
    return max(INT_MIN, min(INT_MAX, result))

print(my_atoi('   -42'))          # -42
print(my_atoi('4193 with words'))  # 4193

알고리즘 문제에서 문자열 슬라이싱

# Naive: O(n^3) because slicing inside nested loops
def is_palindrome_naive(s):
    return s == s[::-1]  # O(n) slice + O(n) compare

# Pass indices to avoid allocating substrings
def is_palindrome_range(s, left, right):
    while left < right:
        if s[left] != s[right]:
            return False
        left += 1; right -= 1
    return True  # O(right-left) time, O(1) space

print(is_palindrome_range('racecar', 0, 6))  # True
print(is_palindrome_range('hello',   0, 4))  # False

문자열 면접 빠른 참고 자료

# Combining methods: reverse words, preserve spaces
def reverse_words(s):
    return ' '.join(reversed(s.split()))

print(reverse_words('  hello   world  '))
# 'world hello'

# Check anagram using sorted strings
def is_anagram(s, t):
    return sorted(s) == sorted(t)

print(is_anagram('anagram', 'nagaram'))  # True
print(is_anagram('rat', 'car'))          # False

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