변경 불가능한 객체 패턴

변경 불가능한 개체 설계

읽기 전용 속성

using System;

class Point {
    public int X { get; }
    public int Y { get; }
    public Point(int x, int y) { X = x; Y = y; }
}

var p = new Point(3, 4);
Console.WriteLine(p.X + "," + p.Y); // 3,4

초기화 구문에 사용하는 초기화 전용 속성

using System;

class Color {
    public int R { get; init; }
    public int G { get; init; }
    public int B { get; init; }
}

var c = new Color { R = 255, G = 128, B = 0 };
Console.WriteLine(c.R + "," + c.G + "," + c.B); // 255,128,0

필수 필드에 required 사용

using System;

class Money {
    public required decimal Amount { get; init; }
    public required string Currency { get; init; }
}

var m = new Money { Amount = 9.99m, Currency = "USD" };
Console.WriteLine(m.Amount + " " + m.Currency); // 9.99 USD

변경하는 대신 새 개체 반환하기

using System;

class Point {
    public int X { get; init; }
    public int Y { get; init; }
    public Point Move(int dx, int dy) => new Point { X = X + dx, Y = Y + dy };
}

var a = new Point { X = 1, Y = 1 };
var b = a.Move(2, 3);
Console.WriteLine(a.X + "," + a.Y + " -> " + b.X + "," + b.Y); // 1,1 -> 3,4

변경 불가능한 컬렉션

using System;
using System.Collections.Immutable;

class Team {
    public ImmutableList<string> Members { get; init; } = ImmutableList<string>.Empty;
}

var t = new Team { Members = ["Ada", "Lin"] };
var t2 = new Team { Members = t.Members.Add("Sam") };
Console.WriteLine(t.Members.Count + " " + t2.Members.Count); // 2 3

방어적 복사

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;

class Snapshot {
    private readonly int[] data;
    public Snapshot(IEnumerable<int> source) => data = source.ToArray();
    public IReadOnlyList<int> Data => data;
}

var list = new List<int> { 1, 2, 3 };
var snap = new Snapshot(list);
list.Add(4); // does not affect snap
Console.WriteLine(snap.Data.Count); // 3

값 동등성

using System;

record Coord(int X, int Y);

Console.WriteLine(new Coord(1, 2) == new Coord(1, 2)); // True

별도 작업 없이 스레드 안전성 확보

using System;

class ReadonlyConfig {
    public required string Env { get; init; }
}

var cfg = new ReadonlyConfig { Env = "prod" };
// safe to read from many threads without synchronization
Console.WriteLine(cfg.Env); // prod

readonly 필드와 구조체

using System;

readonly struct Vector {
    public readonly double X, Y;
    public Vector(double x, double y) { X = x; Y = y; }
    public double Length => Math.Sqrt(X * X + Y * Y);
}

Console.WriteLine(new Vector(3, 4).Length); // 5

함께 적용하기

using System;

record Account(string Id, decimal Balance) {
    public Account Deposit(decimal amount) => this with { Balance = Balance + amount };
}

var a = new Account("A1", 100m);
var b = a.Deposit(50m);
Console.WriteLine(a.Balance + " -> " + b.Balance); // 100 -> 150

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