메모리 누수와 해결 방법

메모리 누수란 무엇인가요?

GC는 무엇을 유지할지 어떻게 결정할까요?

object GlobalCache {
    val items = mutableListOf<ByteArray>()
}

fun cacheSomething() {
    // This 1MB array stays alive forever because GlobalCache
    // (a static singleton, a GC root) keeps referencing it.
    GlobalCache.items.add(ByteArray(1_000_000))
}

fun main() {
    repeat(3) { cacheSomething() }
    println("Held arrays: ${GlobalCache.items.size}") // never freed
}

고전적인 사례: Activity 누수

// LEAK: static field holds an Activity Context
object Analytics {
    var context: Context? = null   // <- keeps Activity alive
    fun init(ctx: Context) { context = ctx }
}

class MainActivity : ComponentActivity() {
    override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
        Analytics.init(this) // passing the Activity -> leak on rotation
    }
}

해결 방법: Application Context 사용

object Analytics {
    private var appContext: Context? = null
    fun init(ctx: Context) {
        // applicationContext is process-scoped and safe to keep
        appContext = ctx.applicationContext
    }
}

// Call site is now leak-free:
Analytics.init(this) // stores applicationContext, not the Activity

내부 클래스와 핸들러

// LEAK: the posted Runnable holds the Activity for 60 seconds
handler.postDelayed({ updateUi() }, 60_000)

// FIX: cancel pending work when the screen goes away
override fun onDestroy() {
    super.onDestroy()
    handler.removeCallbacksAndMessages(null)
}

코루틴: 작업의 범위 지정

class FeedViewModel : ViewModel() {
    fun load() {
        // Cancelled automatically when the ViewModel is cleared
        viewModelScope.launch {
            val feed = repository.fetchFeed()
            _state.value = feed
        }
    }
}

// In Compose, collect tied to the lifecycle:
val state by viewModel.state.collectAsStateWithLifecycle()

Compose의 DisposableEffect

@Composable
fun LocationDisplay(manager: LocationManager) {
    DisposableEffect(manager) {
        val listener = LocationListener { /* update */ }
        manager.register(listener)
        onDispose { manager.unregister(listener) } // prevents the leak
    }
}

LeakCanary로 누수 찾기

// build.gradle.kts (app module)
dependencies {
    debugImplementation("com.squareup.leakcanary:leakcanary-android:2.14")
}
// No code needed: on a debug build, navigate away from a screen and
// LeakCanary posts a notification with the leak trace, e.g.:
//   Analytics.context -> MainActivity (leaked)

프로파일러에서 힙 덤프 확인

비트맵과 대규모 할당

// Bound memory: keep at most ~1/8 of available app memory
val maxKb = (Runtime.getRuntime().maxMemory() / 1024 / 8).toInt()
val bitmapCache = object : LruCache<String, Bitmap>(maxKb) {
    override fun sizeOf(key: String, value: Bitmap) = value.byteCount / 1024
}
// An unbounded HashMap<String, Bitmap> would grow until OutOfMemoryError.

누수 방지 점검 목록

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