Edge Computing with Cloudflare Workers & Deno · Lezione

WebSocket e tempo reale

Implementi applicazioni in tempo reale usando Cloudflare Workers e WebSocket per esperienze interattive.

WebSocket e tempo reale è una lezione Edge Computing with Cloudflare Workers & Deno gratuita su CoddyKit. Questa è la lezione 1 di 4. Puoi leggere la lezione completa qui gratuitamente — poi esercitati direttamente nel browser con un editor di codice integrato e un tutor IA disponibile 24/7. Fa parte del percorso di apprendimento Edge Computing with Cloudflare Workers & Deno, e i tuoi progressi si sincronizzano tra il web e l'app CoddyKit. Il corso Edge Computing with Cloudflare Workers & Deno include 4 lezioni in totale.

Parti di questa lezione non sono ancora state tradotte e vengono mostrate in inglese.

Real-time Apps with WebSockets

What are WebSockets? They enable real-time, two-way communication between a client (like your browser) and a server. Unlike traditional HTTP requests, WebSockets keep a persistent connection open.

This is perfect for applications needing instant updates, like chat apps, live dashboards, or online games.

HTTP vs. WebSocket Connection

Traditional HTTP is stateless and request-response based. Each action needs a new request from the client.

WebSockets, however, establish a single, long-lived connection. Once open, both client and server can send messages anytime without waiting for a request.

HTTP: Client requests, server responds, connection closes.
WebSocket: Client requests upgrade, server approves, connection stays open.

The WebSocket Upgrade

Before a WebSocket connection is established, an initial HTTP request is made. The client sends an "Upgrade" header, indicating its desire to switch protocols.

If the server supports WebSockets, it responds with an "101 Switching Protocols" status code, upgrading the connection from HTTP to WebSocket protocol. This is known as the WebSocket Handshake.

Cloudflare Workers & WebSockets

Cloudflare Workers are ideal for handling WebSockets at the edge. They can act as the server endpoint, managing connections and processing real-time messages directly where your users are.

Workers provide a WebSocketPair API to easily upgrade an incoming HTTP request into a WebSocket connection, simplifying the handshake process.

Worker WebSocket Upgrade

Let's create a Worker that accepts an incoming WebSocket connection. We'll use new WebSocketPair() to manage the connection.

Try running this example. To test, you'd typically connect using a WebSocket client (e.g., a browser's developer console or a dedicated tool).

export default {
  async fetch(request) {
    const upgradeHeader = request.headers.get('Upgrade');
    if (!upgradeHeader || upgradeHeader !== 'websocket') {
      return new Response('Expected Upgrade: websocket', { status: 426 });
    }

    const { 0: client, 1: server } = new WebSocketPair();

    server.accept(); // Accept the WebSocket connection

    server.addEventListener('message', event => {
      console.log('Received message:', event.data);
      // We'll add logic to send messages back soon!
    });
    server.addEventListener('close', event => {
      console.log('WebSocket closed:', event.code, event.reason);
    });
    server.addEventListener('error', event => {
      console.error('WebSocket error:', event.message);
    });

    return new Response(null, {
      status: 101,
      webSocket: client,
    });
  },
};

WebSocket Event Listeners

Once a WebSocket connection is established, you can listen for various events on the server-side WebSocket object:

'open': Connection successfully established.
'message': A message is received from the client. The message data is in event.data.
'close': The connection is closed by either side.
'error': An error occurred on the connection.

These allow your Worker to react dynamically to client interactions.

Echoing Messages

In the previous code, we added an event listener for 'message'. Let's extend it to ensure the Worker echoes back any message it receives.

The server.send(message) method allows the Worker to send data back to the connected client. This creates a simple "echo" server.

export default {
  async fetch(request) {
    const upgradeHeader = request.headers.get('Upgrade');
    if (!upgradeHeader || upgradeHeader !== 'websocket') {
      return new Response('Expected Upgrade: websocket', { status: 426 });
    }

    const { 0: client, 1: server } = new WebSocketPair();

    server.accept();
    server.addEventListener('message', event => {
      const message = event.data;
      console.log('Received message:', message);
      // Echo the message back to the client
      server.send(`Echo from Worker: ${message}`);
    });
    server.addEventListener('close', event => {
      console.log('WebSocket closed');
    });
    server.addEventListener('error', event => {
      console.error('WebSocket error:', event);
    });

    return new Response(null, {
      status: 101,
      webSocket: client,
    });
  },
};

Real-time Broadcasting

An echo server is a good start, but many real-time apps need to send messages to multiple connected clients (broadcasting).

For example, in a chat application, when one user sends a message, all other users in the chat room should receive it.

Cloudflare Workers, being stateless by default, need a mechanism to manage these connections across requests. This is where Durable Objects become incredibly useful for maintaining state and managing multiple WebSocket connections for a shared resource.

(We'll explore Durable Objects in a later lesson!)

Securing WebSockets

Just like HTTP, WebSocket connections should be secured. Always use wss:// (WebSocket Secure) instead of ws://.

wss:// connections are encrypted using TLS/SSL, preventing eavesdropping and tampering. Cloudflare Workers handle TLS termination automatically, so your connections are secured by default when deployed.

Use wss:// for production.
Implement authentication/authorization.
Validate all incoming messages.

Check Your Understanding

Consider a Cloudflare Worker that aims to establish a WebSocket connection with a client.

Recap: WebSockets at the Edge

Great job! You've learned how to implement real-time communication with WebSockets using Cloudflare Workers.

WebSockets enable persistent, two-way communication.
Workers use WebSocketPair and 101 Switching Protocols for the handshake.
Event listeners ('message', 'close', 'error') manage connection lifecycle.
Always use wss:// for secure connections.

In future lessons, we'll dive into Durable Objects to manage state across multiple WebSocket connections for advanced real-time applications.

Domande Frequenti

La lezione «WebSocket e tempo reale» è gratuita?

Sì — il testo completo di «WebSocket e tempo reale» è gratuito qui sul web. Per esercitarvi in modo interattivo (un editor di codice integrato e un tutor IA 24/7) e sbloccare il resto del corso Edge Computing with Cloudflare Workers & Deno, passa a CoddyKit PRO. Il corso Edge Computing with Cloudflare Workers & Deno include 4 lezioni in totale.

Cosa imparerò in «WebSocket e tempo reale»?

Implementi applicazioni in tempo reale usando Cloudflare Workers e WebSocket per esperienze interattive. Eserciti Edge Computing with Cloudflare Workers & Deno con codice pratico che esegui direttamente nel browser, e un tutor IA 24/7 risponde alle tue domande mentre lavori sulla lezione.

Ho bisogno di esperienza per iniziare Edge Computing with Cloudflare Workers & Deno?

Non è richiesta alcuna esperienza precedente. Edge Computing with Cloudflare Workers & Deno su CoddyKit è strutturato per principianti e studenti avanzati, quindi puoi iniziare da qui o dall'inizio e procedere al tuo ritmo. Questa è la lezione 1 di 4.

Quanto tempo richiede la lezione «WebSocket e tempo reale»?

La maggior parte delle lezioni CoddyKit richiede circa 5–10 minuti. Ogni lezione è breve e interattiva, quindi fai progressi costanti e riprendi esattamente da dove hai lasciato su web e app.

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