Immutability dengan init & with

Apa Itu Kekekalan?

Setter Khusus init

public class Point
{
    public double X { get; init; }
    public double Y { get; init; }
}

var p = new Point { X = 3.0, Y = 4.0 }; // OK — init phase
p.X = 5.0; // COMPILE ERROR — cannot set after init

// All of these are valid init-phase assignments:
var p2 = new Point(X: 1.0, Y: 2.0);
var p3 = new Point { X = 0, Y = 0 };

init pada Properti Record Posisional

// This record:
public record Person(string Name, int Age);

// Is equivalent to:
public record Person
{
    public string Name { get; init; }
    public int Age    { get; init; }
    public Person(string Name, int Age) { this.Name = Name; this.Age = Age; }
    // + Deconstruct, Equals, GetHashCode, ToString
}

var alice = new Person("Alice", 30);
alice.Name = "Bob"; // COMPILE ERROR

Ekspresi with: Perubahan Non-Destruktif

public record Person(string Name, int Age, string Email);

var alice = new Person("Alice", 30, "alice@example.com");

// Create a modified copy — alice is unchanged
var olderAlice = alice with { Age = 31 };
var renamed    = alice with { Name = "Alicia", Email = "alicia@example.com" };

Console.WriteLine(alice.Name);      // Alice (unchanged)
Console.WriteLine(olderAlice.Age);  // 31
Console.WriteLine(renamed.Name);    // Alicia

Ekspresi with pada Tipe Non-Record

// struct with with-expression:
public struct Temperature
{
    public double Celsius { get; init; }
    public double Fahrenheit => Celsius * 9 / 5 + 32;
}

var t1 = new Temperature { Celsius = 20 };
var t2 = t1 with { Celsius = 25 }; // copy with change
Console.WriteLine(t1.Celsius); // 20 — unchanged
Console.WriteLine(t2.Celsius); // 25

Merangkai Ekspresi with

public record Order(int Id, string Status, decimal Total, DateTime UpdatedAt);

var order = new Order(42, "Pending", 99.99m, DateTime.UtcNow);

// Apply a promotion discount then mark as confirmed
var finalOrder = order
    with { Total    = order.Total * 0.9m }    // 10% off
    with { Status   = "Confirmed" }
    with { UpdatedAt = DateTime.UtcNow };

Console.WriteLine(order.Status);     // Pending (original unchanged)
Console.WriteLine(finalOrder.Status); // Confirmed

Properti Terhitung pada Tipe yang Tidak Dapat Diubah

public record Money(decimal Amount, string Currency)
{
    public Money Add(Money other)
    {
        if (Currency != other.Currency)
            throw new InvalidOperationException("Currency mismatch");
        return this with { Amount = Amount + other.Amount };
    }

    public Money Multiply(decimal factor) =>
        this with { Amount = Amount * factor };

    public override string ToString() =>
        $"{Amount:F2} {Currency}";
}

var price = new Money(10.00m, "USD");
var tax   = price.Multiply(0.08m);
var total = price.Add(tax);
Console.WriteLine(total); // 10.80 USD

Koleksi yang Tidak Dapat Diubah

using System.Collections.Immutable;

public record ShoppingCart(
    string UserId,
    ImmutableList<CartItem> Items)
{
    public ShoppingCart AddItem(CartItem item) =>
        this with { Items = Items.Add(item) };

    public ShoppingCart RemoveItem(int productId) =>
        this with { Items = Items.RemoveAll(i => i.ProductId == productId) };

    public decimal Total => Items.Sum(i => i.Price * i.Quantity);
}

Keamanan Utas melalui Kekekalan

// Immutable config record shared across all threads safely
public record AppConfig(
    string ConnectionString,
    int MaxRetries,
    TimeSpan Timeout);

// Register as singleton — safe because record is immutable
builder.Services.AddSingleton(
    new AppConfig(
        ConnectionString: config["DB"]!,
        MaxRetries: 3,
        Timeout: TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30)));

// Any thread can read this simultaneously without locks

Dunia Nyata: Penyimpanan Berbasis Peristiwa Fungsional

public record OrderState(
    int Id,
    string Status = "Draft",
    decimal Total = 0m);

public static OrderState Apply(OrderState state, object evt) => evt switch
{
    OrderPlaced   e => state with { Status = "Pending", Total = e.Total },
    OrderShipped  _ => state with { Status = "Shipped" },
    OrderCancelled _ => state with { Status = "Cancelled" },
    _ => state
};

// Fold events to get current state:
var state = events.Aggregate(
    new OrderState(id),
    Apply);

Pemeriksaan Singkat

Ringkasan: Kekekalan dengan init & with