__slots__ और मेमोरी अनुकूलन

import sys

class Point:
    def __init__(self, x, y): self.x, self.y = x, y

p = Point(1, 2)
print(sys.getsizeof(p.__dict__))   # ~200 bytes

class SlottedPoint:
    __slots__ = ("x", "y")

    def __init__(self, x, y):
        self.x = x
        self.y = y

p = SlottedPoint(1, 2)
print(p.x, p.y)   # 1 2
# p.z = 3   # AttributeError: no __dict__

import sys

class Reg:
    def __init__(self, x, y): self.x, self.y = x, y

class Slotted:
    __slots__ = ("x","y")
    def __init__(self, x, y): self.x, self.y = x, y

print(sys.getsizeof(Reg(1,2)))      # ~56 bytes + ~200 dict
print(sys.getsizeof(Slotted(1,2)))  # ~56 bytes (no dict)

class Config:
    __slots__ = ("host", "port")
    def __init__(self, h, p): self.host, self.port = h, p

c = Config("localhost", 8080)
# c.debug = True   # AttributeError
print(hasattr(c, "__dict__"))   # False

class Hybrid:
    __slots__ = ("x", "__dict__")

    def __init__(self, x):
        self.x = x

h = Hybrid(1)
h.extra = "dynamic"   # allowed
print(h.extra)

import weakref

class Node:
    __slots__ = ("value", "__weakref__")
    def __init__(self, v): self.value = v

n = Node(42)
ref = weakref.ref(n)
print(ref())  # <Node object>

class Base:
    __slots__ = ("x",)

class Child(Base):
    __slots__ = ("y",)   # no __dict__

class WithoutSlots(Base):
    pass   # gets __dict__ from object

import tracemalloc

tracemalloc.start()
points = [SlottedPoint(i, i) for i in range(100_000)]
current, peak = tracemalloc.get_traced_memory()
tracemalloc.stop()
print(f"Peak: {peak/1024/1024:.1f} MB")

import pickle

class Point:
    __slots__ = ("x", "y")
    def __init__(self, x, y): self.x, self.y = x, y

p = Point(3, 4)
data = pickle.dumps(p)
p2 = pickle.loads(data)
print(p2.x, p2.y)   # 3 4

from dataclasses import dataclass

@dataclass(slots=True)
class Vector:
    x: float
    y: float

v = Vector(1.0, 2.0)
print(v.x, v.y)   # 1.0 2.0
print(hasattr(v, "__dict__"))   # False

# Good candidates:
# - Nodes in a large graph or tree
# - Records in a large dataset
# - High-frequency event objects

# Bad candidates:
# - Configuration objects added to ad-hoc
# - Classes that mix-in dynamic attributes