Exceptions को फिर से फेंकना और Exception Chaining

class ParseException(msg: String, cause: Throwable) : RuntimeException(msg, cause)
fun main() {
    try {
        try { "xyz".toInt() }
        catch (e: NumberFormatException) {
            throw ParseException("could not parse user input", e)
        }
    } catch (e: ParseException) {
        println("got: ${e.message}")
        println("cause: ${e.cause?.message}")
    }
}

fun main() {
    val e = RuntimeException("top",
        RuntimeException("middle",
            RuntimeException("root")))
    var current: Throwable? = e
    while (current != null) {
        println(current.message)
        current = current.cause
    }
}

fun parseRequired(s: String): Int {
    try {
        return s.toInt()
    } catch (e: NumberFormatException) {
        if (s.isBlank()) return 0
        throw e // unexpected — let it propagate
    }
}
fun main() {
    println(parseRequired("42"))
    println(parseRequired(""))
    // parseRequired("abc") // throws
}

class UploadError(msg: String, cause: Throwable) : RuntimeException(msg, cause)
fun upload(file: String) {
    try { throw RuntimeException("disk full") }
    catch (e: Throwable) { throw UploadError("uploading $file failed", e) }
}
fun main() {
    try { upload("photo.jpg") }
    catch (e: UploadError) { println("${e.message} <- ${e.cause?.message}") }
}

class Wrapped(m: String, cause: Throwable) : RuntimeException(m, cause)
fun main() {
    try {
        try { error("inner") }
        catch (e: Throwable) { throw Wrapped("outer", e) }
    } catch (e: Wrapped) {
        println("message: ${e.message}")
        println("cause: ${e.cause?.message}")
    }
}

fun risky() {
    try { throw IllegalStateException("oops") }
    catch (e: IllegalStateException) {
        println("Logging before rethrow: ${e.message}")
        throw e
    }
}
fun main() {
    try { risky() }
    catch (e: IllegalStateException) { println("outer: ${e.message}") }
}

fun process() {
    try {
        throw RuntimeException("failure")
    } finally {
        println("cleanup ran")
    }
}
fun main() {
    try { process() }
    catch (e: RuntimeException) { println("caught: ${e.message}") }
}

fun main() {
    val primary = RuntimeException("primary")
    val secondary = RuntimeException("from cleanup")
    primary.addSuppressed(secondary)
    println(primary.suppressed.joinToString { it.message ?: "?" })
}

// BAD
// catch (e: IOException) { throw RuntimeException("error") }
// GOOD
// catch (e: IOException) { throw RuntimeException("error reading config", e) }
fun main() { println("Pass cause when re-throwing!") }