Mixins and Modules

Modules allow code organization and reuse without traditional inheritance.

Mixins enable multiple classes to share behavior without being directly related.

In this lesson, you will learn how to use modules and mixins in Ruby.

Defining a Module

Modules are defined using the module keyword and cannot be instantiated.

module Greetings
  def say_hello
    puts 'Hello!'
  end
end

Including a Module

Use include to add module methods as instance methods.

module Greetings
  def say_hello
    puts 'Hello!'
  end
end

class Person
  include Greetings
end

person1 = Person.new
person1.say_hello

Using Extend

extend adds module methods as class methods.

module Greetings
  def say_hello
    puts 'Hello!'
  end
end

class Person
  extend Greetings
end

Person.say_hello

Using Multiple Modules

A class can include multiple modules for different functionalities.

module Walkable
  def walk
    puts 'Walking...'
  end
end

module Talkable
  def talk
    puts 'Talking...'
  end
end

class Person
  include Walkable
  include Talkable
end

person1 = Person.new
person1.walk
person1.talk

Using Constants in Modules

Modules can store constants that can be accessed using ::.

module MathOperations
  PI = 3.14
end

puts MathOperations::PI

Encapsulating Methods in Modules

Modules allow defining helper methods that can be used across different classes.

module Formatter
  def format_text(text)
    text.upcase
  end
end

class Document
  include Formatter
end

doc = Document.new
puts doc.format_text('hello')

Using Self in Modules

Methods inside a module can be defined using self to make them accessible directly.

module Helper
  def self.greet
    puts 'Hello from a module!'
  end
end

Helper.greet

Congratulations!

You have learned how to use mixins and modules in Ruby.

Next, you will explore working with files and input/output operations.