MCP Academy · Lesson

Protocol Errors vs Tool Failures

Tell transport faults from business-logic errors.

Two Very Different Failures

MCP has two kinds of failure: a protocol error in the wire itself, and a tool failure inside your business logic. They are handled differently.

Protocol Errors Live in JSON-RPC

A protocol error means the message could not be processed at all, like an unknown method or malformed params. It rides in the JSON-RPC error field.

{"jsonrpc": "2.0", "id": 7,
 "error": {"code": -32601,
           "message": "Method not found"}}

All lessons in this course

  1. Tool Errors the Model Can See
  2. Protocol Errors vs Tool Failures
  3. Validate Inputs Before Acting
  4. Fail Safely, Never Hang
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