Traits لإعادة استخدام التعليمات البرمجية

مقدمة: السمات في PHP

المفاهيم الأساسية

السمة الأساسية

<?php
trait Timestamps {
    private ?string $createdAt = null;
    private ?string $updatedAt = null;

    public function setCreatedAt(): void { $this->createdAt = date('c'); }
    public function setUpdatedAt(): void { $this->updatedAt = date('c'); }
    public function getCreatedAt(): ?string { return $this->createdAt; }
}

class Post {
    use Timestamps;
    public function __construct(public string $title) {
        $this->setCreatedAt();
    }
}

$p = new Post('Hello');
echo $p->getCreatedAt();

سمات متعددة

<?php
trait SoftDelete {
    private ?string $deletedAt = null;
    public function delete(): void { $this->deletedAt = date('c'); }
    public function isDeleted(): bool { return $this->deletedAt !== null; }
    public function restore(): void { $this->deletedAt = null; }
}

trait HasSlug {
    private string $slug = '';
    public function setSlug(string $title): void {
        $this->slug = strtolower(preg_replace('/[^a-z0-9]+/i', '-', $title));
    }
}

class Article {
    use Timestamps, SoftDelete, HasSlug;
}

حل تعارض السمات

<?php
trait A {
    public function hello(): string { return 'Hello from A'; }
}

trait B {
    public function hello(): string { return 'Hello from B'; }
}

class C {
    use A, B {
        A::hello insteadof B;   // prefer A::hello
        B::hello as helloB;     // alias B::hello
    }
}

$c = new C();
echo $c->hello();   // Hello from A
echo $c->helloB();  // Hello from B

سمة مع دالة مجرّدة

<?php
trait Validatable {
    abstract protected function rules(): array;

    public function validate(array $data): array {
        $errors = [];
        foreach ($this->rules() as $field => $rule) {
            if ($rule === 'required' && empty($data[$field])) {
                $errors[$field] = "$field is required";
            }
        }
        return $errors;
    }
}

class RegistrationForm {
    use Validatable;
    protected function rules(): array {
        return ['email' => 'required', 'password' => 'required'];
    }
}

السمة مقابل الواجهة مقابل الصنف المجرّد

<?php
// Interface: contract (what a class CAN do)
// Abstract Class: partial template (what a class IS)
// Trait: code mixin (horizontal reuse — what a class DOES)

// Typical pattern: use all three together:
interface Cacheable {
    public function getCacheKey(): string;
}

trait CacheableTrait {
    public function cache(CacheInterface $cache): void {
        $cache->set($this->getCacheKey(), $this);
    }
}

النمط

متى تُستخدم

مثال من العالم الحقيقي

الأخطاء الشائعة

اختبار سريع

مراجعة: PHP Traits