تطبيق الواجهات

مقدمة: الواجهات في PHP

المفاهيم الأساسية

تعريف واجهة

<?php
interface Serializable {
    public function serialize(): string;
    public function unserialize(string $data): void;
}

interface Loggable {
    public function toLog(): string;
}

// Implementing both interfaces:
class Event implements Serializable, Loggable {
    public function __construct(private string $type, private string $data) {}
    public function serialize(): string { return json_encode(['type'=>$this->type,'data'=>$this->data]); }
    public function unserialize(string $d): void { $a = json_decode($d,true); $this->type=$a['type']; $this->data=$a['data']; }
    public function toLog(): string { return "[{$this->type}] {$this->data}"; }
}

الواجهة كنوع

<?php
interface Cache {
    public function get(string $key): mixed;
    public function set(string $key, mixed $val, int $ttl = 0): void;
    public function delete(string $key): void;
}

// Function accepts any Cache implementation:
function loadUser(int $id, Cache $cache): array {
    $key = "user:$id";
    $user = $cache->get($key);
    if (!$user) {
        $user = fetchFromDb($id);
        $cache->set($key, $user, 3600);
    }
    return $user;
}

ثوابت الواجهة

<?php
interface HttpMethods {
    const GET    = 'GET';
    const POST   = 'POST';
    const PUT    = 'PUT';
    const DELETE = 'DELETE';
}

class Router implements HttpMethods {
    public function addRoute(string $method, string $path, callable $handler): void {
        // ...
    }
}

$router = new Router();
$router->addRoute(HttpMethods::GET, '/users', fn() => []);

تمديد واجهة لواجهة أخرى

<?php
interface Readable {
    public function read(): string;
}

interface Writable {
    public function write(string $data): void;
}

// Interface can extend multiple interfaces:
interface ReadWrite extends Readable, Writable {
    public function seek(int $position): void;
}

class FileStream implements ReadWrite {
    public function read(): string    { return ''; }
    public function write(string $d): void { }
    public function seek(int $p): void { }
}

حقن الاعتماديات باستخدام الواجهات

<?php
interface MailerInterface {
    public function send(string $to, string $subject, string $body): bool;
}

class SmtpMailer implements MailerInterface {
    public function send(string $to, string $subject, string $body): bool {
        // real SMTP send
        return true;
    }
}

class UserService {
    public function __construct(private MailerInterface $mailer) {}

    public function register(string $email): void {
        // save user...
        $this->mailer->send($email, 'Welcome!', 'Thanks for joining.');
    }
}

النمط

متى تُستخدم

مثال من العالم الحقيقي

أخطاء شائعة

تحقق سريع

مراجعة: الواجهات في PHP