المنشئات والمدمّرات

مقدمة: الدوال البانية والهادمة

المفاهيم الأساسية

الباني الأساسي

<?php
class User {
    public string $name;
    public string $email;

    public function __construct(string $name, string $email) {
        $this->name  = $name;
        $this->email = $email;
    }
}

$user = new User('Alice', 'alice@example.com');
echo $user->name; // Alice

ترقية خصائص الباني (PHP 8)

<?php
class User {
    // Shorthand: declare and assign in one go
    public function __construct(
        public readonly string $name,
        public readonly string $email,
        private int $loginCount = 0,
    ) {}
}

$u = new User('Bob', 'bob@test.com');
echo $u->name;  // Bob

التحقق في الباني

<?php
class PositiveInt {
    public function __construct(private int $value) {
        if ($value <= 0) {
            throw new InvalidArgumentException(
                "Value must be positive, got $value"
            );
        }
    }
    public function get(): int { return $this->value; }
}

$n = new PositiveInt(5);  // OK
// new PositiveInt(-1);   // throws

الدالة الهادمة

<?php
class FileLogger {
    private mixed $handle;

    public function __construct(string $path) {
        $this->handle = fopen($path, 'a');
    }

    public function log(string $msg): void {
        fwrite($this->handle, date('c') . ' ' . $msg . PHP_EOL);
    }

    public function __destruct() {
        if ($this->handle) fclose($this->handle);
        echo 'File handle released';
    }
}

نمط الباني المُسمّى

<?php
class Money {
    private function __construct(
        private float  $amount,
        private string $currency
    ) {}

    public static function usd(float $a): self { return new self($a, 'USD'); }
    public static function eur(float $a): self { return new self($a, 'EUR'); }

    public function format(): string {
        return number_format($this->amount, 2) . ' ' . $this->currency;
    }
}

echo Money::usd(9.99)->format(); // 9.99 USD

الباني الأصلي

<?php
class Animal {
    public function __construct(
        protected string $name,
        protected string $sound
    ) {}
}

class Dog extends Animal {
    public function __construct(string $name) {
        parent::__construct($name, 'Woof');
    }
    public function speak(): string {
        return "{$this->name} says {$this->sound}!";
    }
}

echo (new Dog('Rex'))->speak();  // Rex says Woof!

الربط الساكن المتأخر في البناة

<?php
class Base {
    public static function create(): static {
        return new static();  // 'static' resolves to calling class
    }
}

class Child extends Base {}

$base  = Base::create();   // Base object
$child = Child::create();  // Child object — static binding works

نمط عملي

أخطاء شائعة

تحقق سريع

مراجعة: الدوال البانية والهادمة