الفئات والخصائص والأساليب

مقدمة: فئات PHP

المفاهيم الأساسية

تعريف فئة

<?php
class Car {
    public string $brand;
    public int    $year;
    public float  $price;

    public function describe(): string {
        return "{$this->year} {$this->brand}";
    }
}

$car = new Car();
$car->brand = 'Toyota';
$car->year  = 2022;
$car->price = 25000.0;

echo $car->describe(); // 2022 Toyota

معدّلات الوصول

<?php
class BankAccount {
    public  string $owner;
    private float  $balance;
    protected string $currency;

    // public: accessible everywhere
    // private: only within this class
    // protected: this class + subclasses
}

خصائص مع أنواع

<?php
class Product {
    public string  $name;
    public float   $price;
    public int     $stock = 0;  // default value
    public bool    $active = true;

    public function inStock(): bool {
        return $this->stock > 0;
    }
}

أساليب المثيلات

<?php
class Counter {
    private int $count = 0;

    public function increment(): void { $this->count++; }
    public function decrement(): void { $this->count--; }
    public function reset(): void    { $this->count = 0; }
    public function value(): int      { return $this->count; }
}

$c = new Counter();
$c->increment();
$c->increment();
echo $c->value();  // 2

تسلسل الأساليب

<?php
class QueryBuilder {
    private string $table = '';
    private int    $limit = 100;

    public function from(string $t): static { $this->table = $t; return $this; }
    public function limit(int $n): static   { $this->limit = $n; return $this; }
    public function build(): string {
        return "SELECT * FROM {$this->table} LIMIT {$this->limit}";
    }
}

echo (new QueryBuilder())->from('users')->limit(10)->build();

ثوابت الفئة

<?php
class HttpStatus {
    const OK        = 200;
    const NOT_FOUND = 404;
    const ERROR     = 500;

    public static function message(int $code): string {
        return match($code) {
            self::OK        => 'OK',
            self::NOT_FOUND => 'Not Found',
            default         => 'Error',
        };
    }
}

echo HttpStatus::message(HttpStatus::NOT_FOUND);  // Not Found

الخصائص للقراءة فقط (PHP 8.1)

<?php
class Point {
    public function __construct(
        public readonly float $x,
        public readonly float $y,
    ) {}

    public function distanceTo(Point $other): float {
        return sqrt(($this->x - $other->x) ** 2 + ($this->y - $other->y) ** 2);
    }
}

$p1 = new Point(0, 0);
$p2 = new Point(3, 4);
echo $p1->distanceTo($p2);  // 5

نمط عملي

الأخطاء الشائعة

تحقق سريع

مراجعة: فئات PHP