Wildcards في واجهات البرمجة

import java.util.List;

public class Main {
    static double total(List<? extends Number> items) {
        double sum = 0;
        for (Number n : items) sum += n.doubleValue();
        return sum;
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.out.println(total(List.of(1, 2, 3)));
        System.out.println(total(List.of(1.5, 2.5)));
    }
}

import java.util.List;

public class Main {
    static int size(List<?> any) {
        return any.size();
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.out.println(size(List.of("a", "b")));
        System.out.println(size(List.of(1, 2, 3)));
    }
}

import java.util.List;

public class Main {
    static void printAll(List<?> list) {
        for (Object o : list) System.out.println(o);
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        List<String> names = List.of("Ada", "Linus");
        printAll(names); // works; List<Object> would reject this
    }
}

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class Main {
    static <T> void swap(List<T> list, int i, int j) {
        T tmp = list.get(i);
        list.set(i, list.get(j));
        list.set(j, tmp);
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        List<String> list = new ArrayList<>(List.of("a", "b", "c"));
        swap(list, 0, 2);
        System.out.println(list);
    }
}

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class Main {
    public static void reverse(List<?> list) { reverseHelper(list); }
    private static <T> void reverseHelper(List<T> list) {
        for (int i = 0, j = list.size() - 1; i < j; i++, j--) {
            T tmp = list.get(i);
            list.set(i, list.get(j));
            list.set(j, tmp);
        }
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>(List.of(1, 2, 3, 4));
        reverse(list);
        System.out.println(list);
    }
}

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.List;

public class Main {
    static <T> void addAll(List<T> target, Collection<? extends T> source) {
        for (T t : source) target.add(t);
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        List<Number> nums = new ArrayList<>();
        addAll(nums, List.of(1, 2, 3));
        System.out.println(nums);
    }
}

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class Main {
    static <T> void repeat(T value, int times, List<? super T> sink) {
        for (int i = 0; i < times; i++) sink.add(value);
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        List<Object> out = new ArrayList<>();
        repeat("hi", 3, out);
        System.out.println(out);
    }
}

import java.util.List;

public class Main {
    static int countAll(List<? extends List<?>> lists) {
        int total = 0;
        for (List<?> inner : lists) total += inner.size();
        return total;
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.out.println(countAll(List.of(List.of(1, 2), List.of("a", "b", "c"))));
    }
}

import java.util.List;

public class Main {
    // Simple and clear; no wildcard needed for this internal use
    static String joinStrings(List<String> parts) {
        return String.join(", ", parts);
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.out.println(joinStrings(List.of("a", "b", "c")));
    }
}

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class Main {
    // src: read-only producer; dest: write-only consumer
    static <T> void transfer(List<? extends T> src, List<? super T> dest) {
        for (T t : src) dest.add(t);
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        List<Number> dest = new ArrayList<>();
        transfer(List.of(1, 2), dest);
        System.out.println(dest);
    }
}

import java.util.ArrayDeque;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Deque;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class Main {
    static class Stack<E> {
        private final Deque<E> items = new ArrayDeque<>();
        void pushAll(Collection<? extends E> src) { for (E e : src) items.push(e); }
        void popAll(Collection<? super E> dst) { while (!items.isEmpty()) dst.add(items.pop()); }
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Stack<Integer> s = new Stack<>();
        s.pushAll(List.of(1, 2, 3));
        List<Number> out = new ArrayList<>();
        s.popAll(out);
        System.out.println(out);
    }
}

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.out.println("Wildcards in APIs course complete");
    }
}