Wildcards ذات الحد العلوي

الأنواع العامة غير متغايرة

import java.util.List;

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        List<Integer> ints = List.of(1, 2, 3);
        // List<Number> nums = ints; // would NOT compile
        System.out.println("List<Integer> is not List<Number>");
        System.out.println(ints);
    }
}

حرف البدل ذو الحد الأعلى

import java.util.List;

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        List<? extends Number> a = List.of(1, 2, 3);
        List<? extends Number> b = List.of(1.5, 2.5);
        System.out.println(a.get(0));
        System.out.println(b.get(0));
    }
}

القراءة من منتج

import java.util.List;

public class Main {
    static double sum(List<? extends Number> list) {
        double total = 0;
        for (Number n : list) total += n.doubleValue();
        return total;
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.out.println(sum(List.of(1, 2, 3)));
        System.out.println(sum(List.of(1.5, 2.5)));
    }
}

لا يمكنك الكتابة فيه

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        List<? extends Number> list = new ArrayList<Integer>();
        // list.add(1);   // does NOT compile
        // list.add(1.5); // does NOT compile
        System.out.println("Cannot add to ? extends Number");
        System.out.println("size = " + list.size());
    }
}

لماذا يُمنع الكتابة

import java.util.List;

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // Conceptual: this is why add is blocked
        System.out.println("Writing a Double into a List<Integer> would corrupt it");
        System.out.println("so ? extends bans all adds");
    }
}

حالة استخدام المنتِج

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class Main {
    static List<Number> copyOut(List<? extends Number> source) {
        List<Number> dest = new ArrayList<>();
        for (Number n : source) dest.add(n);
        return dest;
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.out.println(copyOut(List.of(1, 2, 3)));
    }
}

معلمات الأنواع ذات الحدود مقارنةً بمحارف البدل

import java.util.List;

public class Main {
    static <T extends Number> T first(List<T> list) { return list.get(0); }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Integer i = first(List.of(10, 20));
        System.out.println(i);
    }
}

حدود متعددة

import java.util.List;

public class Main {
    static <T extends Number & Comparable<T>> T max(List<T> list) {
        T best = list.get(0);
        for (T t : list) if (t.compareTo(best) > 0) best = t;
        return best;
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.out.println(max(List.of(3, 9, 1, 7)));
    }
}

محارف البدل مع Collections.max

import java.util.List;

public class Main {
    static double largest(List<? extends Number> nums) {
        double max = Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY;
        for (Number n : nums) max = Math.max(max, n.doubleValue());
        return max;
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.out.println(largest(List.of(4, 2, 9, 1)));
        System.out.println(largest(List.of(0.5, 9.9, 3.3)));
    }
}

القيمة الوحيدة القابلة للكتابة هي null

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        List<? extends Number> list = new ArrayList<Number>();
        // Only null is assignable; demonstrated conceptually
        System.out.println("Only null could be added; we avoid that");
        System.out.println("size = " + list.size());
    }
}

تنجح القراءة دائمًا باعتبار العنصر Object

import java.util.List;

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        List<? extends Number> nums = List.of(1, 2.0, 3L);
        for (Object o : nums) System.out.println(o.getClass().getSimpleName());
    }
}

تحقق سريع

مراجعة

import java.util.List;

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        List<? extends Number> nums = List.of(1, 2, 3);
        System.out.println("Upper bound recap: read " + nums.get(0));
    }
}