المهام الدورية والمؤقتات

جدولة العمل المتكرر

‏PeriodicTimer: الخيار الحديث

public class MetricsCollectorService : BackgroundService
{
    protected override async Task ExecuteAsync(CancellationToken ct)
    {
        using var timer = new PeriodicTimer(TimeSpan.FromMinutes(1));

        while (await timer.WaitForNextTickAsync(ct))
        {
            // Runs every 60 seconds
            await CollectMetricsAsync(ct);
        }
        // Loop exits cleanly when ct is cancelled
    }
}

‏PeriodicTimer مقابل حلقة Task.Delay

// Task.Delay loop — drifts! (interval = delay + work time)
while (!ct.IsCancellationRequested)
{
    await DoWorkAsync(ct); // takes 2 seconds
    await Task.Delay(5000, ct); // actual period: 7 seconds
}

// PeriodicTimer — no drift
using var timer = new PeriodicTimer(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5));
while (await timer.WaitForNextTickAsync(ct))
{
    await DoWorkAsync(ct); // period is still 5 seconds from start
}

‏System.Threading.Timer

public class LegacyTimerService : BackgroundService, IDisposable
{
    private Timer? _timer;

    protected override Task ExecuteAsync(CancellationToken ct)
    {
        // Fire immediately then every 10 seconds
        _timer = new Timer(DoWork, null,
            dueTime:  TimeSpan.Zero,
            period:   TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10));
        return Task.CompletedTask;
    }

    private void DoWork(object? state)
    {
        // Runs on thread pool — avoid async void here
        Console.WriteLine($"Timer fired: {DateTime.UtcNow}");
    }

    public override void Dispose() { _timer?.Dispose(); base.Dispose(); }
}

التنفيذ المؤجل لمرة واحدة

// Run once after a delay
public async Task ScheduleOnceAsync(TimeSpan delay, Func<Task> action, CancellationToken ct)
{
    await Task.Delay(delay, ct);
    await action();
}

// Or with CancellationToken:
var cts = new CancellationTokenSource(TimeSpan.FromHours(1));
try
{
    await Task.Delay(Timeout.Infinite, cts.Token);
}
catch (OperationCanceledException)
{
    await RunScheduledJobAsync();
}

‏PeriodicTimer مع معالجة الأخطاء

protected override async Task ExecuteAsync(CancellationToken ct)
{
    using var timer = new PeriodicTimer(TimeSpan.FromMinutes(5));

    while (await timer.WaitForNextTickAsync(ct))
    {
        try
        {
            await SyncInventoryAsync(ct);
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            // Log but don't crash — next tick will retry
            _logger.LogError(ex, "Inventory sync failed");
        }
    }
}

المحاذاة مع حدود الساعة

protected override async Task ExecuteAsync(CancellationToken ct)
{
    // Wait until the next full hour
    var now = DateTime.UtcNow;
    var nextHour = now.Date.AddHours(now.Hour + 1);
    var initialDelay = nextHour - now;

    await Task.Delay(initialDelay, ct);

    // Then tick every hour exactly
    using var timer = new PeriodicTimer(TimeSpan.FromHours(1));

    await RunJobAsync(ct); // run at the first tick
    while (await timer.WaitForNextTickAsync(ct))
        await RunJobAsync(ct);
}

الحماية من تزامن النبضات

private readonly SemaphoreSlim _lock = new(1, 1);

protected override async Task ExecuteAsync(CancellationToken ct)
{
    using var timer = new PeriodicTimer(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30));

    while (await timer.WaitForNextTickAsync(ct))
    {
        // Skip if previous tick is still running
        if (!await _lock.WaitAsync(0, ct))
        {
            _logger.LogWarning("Skipping tick — previous still running");
            continue;
        }
        try { await DoWorkAsync(ct); }
        finally { _lock.Release(); }
    }
}

إضافة التذبذب إلى الخدمات الموزعة

protected override async Task ExecuteAsync(CancellationToken ct)
{
    // Add jitter: 0-5 seconds random delay on startup
    var jitter = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(Random.Shared.NextDouble() * 5);
    await Task.Delay(jitter, ct);

    using var timer = new PeriodicTimer(TimeSpan.FromMinutes(1));
    while (await timer.WaitForNextTickAsync(ct))
        await RunJobAsync(ct);
}

تطبيق واقعي: خدمة تحديث ذاكرة التخزين المؤقت

public class CacheRefreshService : BackgroundService
{
    private readonly IServiceScopeFactory _factory;
    private readonly ILogger<CacheRefreshService> _log;

    protected override async Task ExecuteAsync(CancellationToken ct)
    {
        // Spread startups across instances
        await Task.Delay(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(Random.Shared.Next(0, 30)), ct);

        using var timer = new PeriodicTimer(TimeSpan.FromMinutes(10));
        while (await timer.WaitForNextTickAsync(ct))
        {
            try
            {
                using var scope = _factory.CreateScope();
                var cache = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<ICacheService>();
                await cache.RefreshAllAsync(ct);
                _log.LogInformation("Cache refreshed at {Time}", DateTime.UtcNow);
            }
            catch (Exception ex) { _log.LogError(ex, "Cache refresh failed"); }
        }
    }
}

تحقق سريع

مراجعة: المهام الدورية والمؤقتات