IHostedService وBackgroundService

ما الخدمات الخلفية؟

واجهة IHostedService

public class DatabaseMigratorService : IHostedService
{
    private readonly IServiceScopeFactory _scopeFactory;

    public DatabaseMigratorService(IServiceScopeFactory sf) => _scopeFactory = sf;

    public async Task StartAsync(CancellationToken ct)
    {
        using var scope = _scopeFactory.CreateScope();
        var db = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<AppDbContext>();
        await db.Database.MigrateAsync(ct);
    }

    public Task StopAsync(CancellationToken ct) => Task.CompletedTask;
}

builder.Services.AddHostedService<DatabaseMigratorService>();

BackgroundService: الحلقات طويلة التشغيل

public class HeartbeatService : BackgroundService
{
    private readonly ILogger<HeartbeatService> _logger;

    public HeartbeatService(ILogger<HeartbeatService> l) => _logger = l;

    protected override async Task ExecuteAsync(CancellationToken ct)
    {
        _logger.LogInformation("Heartbeat service started");

        while (!ct.IsCancellationRequested)
        {
            _logger.LogInformation("Heartbeat: {Time}", DateTime.UtcNow);
            await Task.Delay(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30), ct);
        }

        _logger.LogInformation("Heartbeat service stopping");
    }
}

builder.Services.AddHostedService<HeartbeatService>();

استخدام الخدمات ذات النطاق Scoped

public class DataSyncService : BackgroundService
{
    private readonly IServiceScopeFactory _factory;
    private readonly ILogger<DataSyncService> _log;

    public DataSyncService(IServiceScopeFactory f, ILogger<DataSyncService> l)
    { _factory = f; _log = l; }

    protected override async Task ExecuteAsync(CancellationToken ct)
    {
        while (!ct.IsCancellationRequested)
        {
            using (var scope = _factory.CreateScope())
            {
                var db = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<AppDbContext>();
                await SyncDataAsync(db, ct);
            } // scope and DbContext disposed here

            await Task.Delay(TimeSpan.FromMinutes(5), ct);
        }
    }
}

الإيقاف السلس

protected override async Task ExecuteAsync(CancellationToken ct)
{
    try
    {
        while (!ct.IsCancellationRequested)
        {
            await DoWorkAsync(ct);
            await Task.Delay(1000, ct);
        }
    }
    catch (OperationCanceledException)
    {
        // Normal shutdown — not an error
        _logger.LogInformation("Service stopping due to cancellation");
    }
    finally
    {
        // Cleanup
        await CleanupAsync();
    }
}

قائمة انتظار خلفية قائمة على Channel

public class BackgroundTaskQueue
{
    private readonly Channel<Func<CancellationToken, Task>> _queue
        = Channel.CreateBounded<Func<CancellationToken, Task>>(100);

    public ValueTask QueueAsync(Func<CancellationToken, Task> job)
        => _queue.Writer.WriteAsync(job);

    public IAsyncEnumerable<Func<CancellationToken, Task>> DequeueAllAsync(
        CancellationToken ct)
        => _queue.Reader.ReadAllAsync(ct);
}

// Register and use:
builder.Services.AddSingleton<BackgroundTaskQueue>();
builder.Services.AddHostedService<QueueProcessorService>();

معالجة الأخطاء في الخدمات الخلفية

protected override async Task ExecuteAsync(CancellationToken ct)
{
    while (!ct.IsCancellationRequested)
    {
        try
        {
            await ProcessNextBatchAsync(ct);
        }
        catch (OperationCanceledException) when (ct.IsCancellationRequested)
        {
            break; // normal shutdown
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            _logger.LogError(ex, "Background processing error. Retrying in 5s.");
            await Task.Delay(5000, ct); // backoff before retry
        }
    }
}

‏StopAsync ومهلة الإيقاف

public override async Task StopAsync(CancellationToken stoppingToken)
{
    _logger.LogInformation("Service is stopping...");

    // Signal internal work to stop
    _internalCts.Cancel();

    // Wait for the Execute loop to complete (up to timeout)
    await base.StopAsync(stoppingToken);

    _logger.LogInformation("Service stopped");
}

// Increase the shutdown timeout if needed:
builder.Services.Configure<HostOptions>(opt =>
    opt.ShutdownTimeout = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30));

خدمات خلفية متعددة

builder.Services.AddHostedService<DatabaseMigratorService>(); // startup task
builder.Services.AddHostedService<MetricsCollectorService>();  // continuous
builder.Services.AddHostedService<EmailNotificationService>(); // continuous
builder.Services.AddHostedService<CacheWarmupService>();       // startup task

// All run concurrently after app start
// Stopped in reverse registration order on shutdown

تطبيق واقعي: Worker لمعالجة الطلبات

public class OrderProcessorService : BackgroundService
{
    private readonly IServiceScopeFactory _factory;
    private readonly ILogger<OrderProcessorService> _log;

    public OrderProcessorService(IServiceScopeFactory f, ILogger<OrderProcessorService> l)
    { _factory = f; _log = l; }

    protected override async Task ExecuteAsync(CancellationToken ct)
    {
        while (!ct.IsCancellationRequested)
        {
            try
            {
                using var scope = _factory.CreateScope();
                var processor = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<IOrderProcessor>();
                int count = await processor.ProcessPendingAsync(ct);
                _log.LogInformation("Processed {Count} orders", count);
            }
            catch (Exception ex) when (!ct.IsCancellationRequested)
            {
                _log.LogError(ex, "Order processing failed");
            }
            await Task.Delay(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10), ct);
        }
    }
}

تحقق سريع

مراجعة: IHostedService وBackgroundService