أساسيات DbContext وDbSet

ما هو Entity Framework Core؟

تعريف كيان

public class Product
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public string Name { get; set; } = "";
    public decimal Price { get; set; }
    public int Stock { get; set; }
    public DateTime CreatedAt { get; set; }
}

إنشاء DbContext

using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;

public class AppDbContext : DbContext
{
    public AppDbContext(DbContextOptions<AppDbContext> options)
        : base(options) { }

    public DbSet<Product> Products => Set<Product>();
    public DbSet<Order>   Orders   => Set<Order>();
}

تسجيل DbContext باستخدام DI

builder.Services.AddDbContext<AppDbContext>(options =>
    options.UseSqlServer(
        builder.Configuration.GetConnectionString("Default")));

// For SQLite (great for development/testing):
// options.UseSqlite("Data Source=app.db");

الاستعلامات الأساسية باستخدام DbSet

public class ProductService
{
    private readonly AppDbContext _db;
    public ProductService(AppDbContext db) => _db = db;

    public async Task<List<Product>> GetExpensiveAsync(decimal minPrice)
    {
        return await _db.Products
            .Where(p => p.Price >= minPrice)
            .OrderBy(p => p.Name)
            .ToListAsync();
    }
}

البحث باستخدام المفتاح الأساسي

var product = await _db.Products.FindAsync(42);
if (product is null)
    throw new KeyNotFoundException("Product not found");

// For complex keys, pass all key values:
var orderLine = await _db.OrderLines.FindAsync(orderId, productId);

إضافة سجلات جديدة

var product = new Product
{
    Name = "Mechanical Keyboard",
    Price = 149.99m,
    Stock = 50,
    CreatedAt = DateTime.UtcNow
};

_db.Products.Add(product);
await _db.SaveChangesAsync();

Console.WriteLine(product.Id); // Auto-generated PK

تحديث السجلات

var product = await _db.Products.FindAsync(42);
if (product is not null)
{
    product.Price = 129.99m;
    product.Stock -= 1;
    await _db.SaveChangesAsync(); // UPDATE Products SET Price=...
}

حذف السجلات

// Delete a tracked entity
_db.Products.Remove(product);
await _db.SaveChangesAsync();

// Bulk delete without loading (EF Core 7+)
await _db.Products
    .Where(p => p.Stock == 0)
    .ExecuteDeleteAsync();

التهيئة باستخدام Fluent API

protected override void OnModelCreating(ModelBuilder modelBuilder)
{
    modelBuilder.Entity<Product>(entity =>
    {
        entity.ToTable("products");
        entity.Property(p => p.Name).IsRequired().HasMaxLength(200);
        entity.Property(p => p.Price).HasColumnType("decimal(18,2)");
        entity.HasIndex(p => p.Name);
    });
}

تطبيق عملي: Repository باستخدام DbContext

public class ProductRepository : IProductRepository
{
    private readonly AppDbContext _db;
    public ProductRepository(AppDbContext db) => _db = db;

    public async Task<Product?> GetByIdAsync(int id)
        => await _db.Products.AsNoTracking().FirstOrDefaultAsync(p => p.Id == id);

    public async Task<List<Product>> SearchAsync(string query)
        => await _db.Products
            .Where(p => p.Name.Contains(query))
            .AsNoTracking()
            .ToListAsync();
}

اختبار سريع

مراجعة: أساسيات DbContext وDbSet