权益证明
验证者与质押
权益证明 是 CoddyKit 上的免费 Web3 & DApp Development Fundamentals 课时。 这是第 2 节课，共 4 节。 你可以在下方免费阅读本课时的完整内容 — 然后在浏览器中使用内置代码编辑器和全天候 AI 导师进行实践。 这是 Web3 & DApp Development Fundamentals 学习路径的一部分，你的进度在网页和 CoddyKit 应用中同步。 Web3 & DApp Development Fundamentals 课程共包含 4 节课。
本课时的部分内容尚未翻译，以英文显示。
Why an Alternative to PoW?
Proof of Work is secure but energy-hungry. Proof of Stake (PoS) seeks the same security guarantees while using a tiny fraction of the energy.
Ethereum switched from PoW to PoS in 2022 in an event called The Merge.
What Is Proof of Stake?
In Proof of Stake, the right to create a block is tied to how much cryptocurrency a participant locks up, or stakes, rather than how much computation they do.
Block creators are called validators, not miners.
Validators
A validator deposits a stake to participate in producing and attesting to blocks. On Ethereum, the required stake is 32 ETH per validator.
Validators propose blocks and vote (attest) that other blocks are valid.
Validator {
stake: 32 ETH
status: active
role: propose + attest
}Staking
Staking means locking up funds as collateral. This stake is the security deposit that keeps validators honest.
If you behave correctly you earn rewards; if you cheat, your stake is at risk.
Choosing a Block Proposer
The protocol pseudo-randomly selects one validator to propose the next block, often weighted by stake size.
Because selection is random and based on stake rather than hashing, there is no energy-intensive race.
Each slot:
proposer = randomSelect(
activeValidators,
weightedByStake)
proposer builds the blockAttestations
Other validators issue attestations — signed votes confirming a proposed block is valid and is the head of the chain.
When enough attestations accumulate, the block becomes part of the canonical chain.
Rewards
Validators earn rewards for proposing blocks and attesting on time. Rewards are paid in the network's native token.
This steady yield incentivizes honest, reliable participation.
Slashing
Slashing is the penalty for malicious behavior, such as proposing two conflicting blocks. The protocol destroys part of the offender's stake.
Slashing makes attacks financially painful — you literally lose money for cheating.
If validator double-signs:
burn part of stake
eject validator from setEconomic Security
PoS replaces PoW's energy cost with economic cost. To attack the chain, you must acquire a huge stake — and a successful attack would crash the very token you staked.
This makes attacking self-defeating.
Energy Efficiency
Because validators do not race to solve puzzles, PoS uses dramatically less energy than PoW — Ethereum's consumption dropped over 99% after The Merge.
This efficiency is PoS's headline advantage.
Putting It Together
Proof of Stake secures the chain with capital at risk instead of energy. Validators stake funds, propose and attest to blocks, earn rewards, and risk slashing for misbehavior.
Quick Check
Test your Proof of Stake knowledge.
Recap: Proof of Stake
You learned that:
- PoS ties block creation to staked capital, not computation
- Validators propose and attest to blocks
- Staking provides collateral; rewards pay honest behavior
- Slashing punishes misbehavior
- PoS is far more energy efficient than PoW
Next: other consensus mechanisms.
常见问题解答
「权益证明」课时是免费的吗？
是的 — 「权益证明」的完整文本可在网页上免费阅读。要进行交互式练习（内置代码编辑器和全天候 AI 导师）并解锁 Web3 & DApp Development Fundamentals 课程的其余内容，请升级到 CoddyKit PRO。 Web3 & DApp Development Fundamentals 课程共包含 4 节课。
「权益证明」这节课中我会学到什么？
验证者与质押 你通过在浏览器中直接运行的动手代码来练习 Web3 & DApp Development Fundamentals，全天候 AI 导师会在你学习这节课的过程中回答你的问题。
学习 Web3 & DApp Development Fundamentals 需要有经验吗？
无需任何先前经验。CoddyKit 上的 Web3 & DApp Development Fundamentals 课程适合初学者到高级学习者，你可以从这里开始或从头开始，按照自己的节奏学习。 这是第 2 节课，共 4 节。
「权益证明」课时需要多长时间？
大多数 CoddyKit 课程大约需要 5–10 分钟。每节课都很精短且互动，所以你能稳步进步，并在网页和应用中从离开的地方继续。
我能在这节 Web3 & DApp Development Fundamentals 课中编写并运行代码吗？
能。每节 Web3 & DApp Development Fundamentals 课都包含内置代码编辑器，你可以在浏览器中直接编写并运行真实代码，并获得即时 AI 反馈 — 无需本地设置。