Spring Boot 4 Complete Guide · 课时

切片测试与 TestContainers

使用切片测试（`@WebMvcTest`、`@DataJpaTest`）针对特定层进行测试，并集成 TestContainers 来测试外部服务。

切片测试与 TestContainers 是 CoddyKit 上的免费 Spring Boot 4 Complete Guide 课时。这是第 3 节课，共 4 节。你可以在下方免费阅读本课时的完整内容 — 然后在浏览器中使用内置代码编辑器和全天候 AI 导师进行实践。这是 Spring Boot 4 Complete Guide 学习路径的一部分，你的进度在网页和 CoddyKit 应用中同步。 Spring Boot 4 Complete Guide 课程共包含 4 节课。

本课时的部分内容尚未翻译，以英文显示。

Slice Testing: Focused Tests

Welcome to Lesson 3! In previous lessons, we learned about unit and full integration tests. Now, let's explore slice tests.

Slice tests focus on testing a specific 'slice' or layer of your application, like the web layer or the data layer, in isolation. This makes them:

Faster: They load only necessary parts of the Spring context.
More targeted: You test specific component interactions without the overhead of the entire application.

Testing Web Layers with @WebMvcTest

When you want to test your Spring MVC controllers and their interactions with HTTP requests, @WebMvcTest is your go-to annotation.

It auto-configures Spring MVC components (like @Controller, @RestController, @ControllerAdvice) but excludes other parts of your application, such as services and repositories. This ensures your test focuses solely on the web layer.

It uses MockMvc to simulate HTTP requests and responses without starting a full HTTP server.

Your First @WebMvcTest

Here's an example of a simple controller and how to test it using @WebMvcTest and MockMvc. Notice how we define the controller class in the annotation.

This test simulates a GET request to /hello and asserts the HTTP status and response content. Remember, this code runs within a JUnit test environment, not as a standalone main method.

package com.coddykit.controller;

import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;

@RestController
public class HelloController {
    @GetMapping("/hello")
    public String sayHello() {
        return "Hello CoddyKit!";
    }
}

// --- Test Class ---
package com.coddykit;

import com.coddykit.controller.HelloController;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.web.servlet.WebMvcTest;
import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.MockMvc;

import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders.get;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.content;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.status;

@WebMvcTest(HelloController.class)
public class HelloControllerTest {

    @Autowired
    private MockMvc mockMvc;

    @Test
    void helloEndpointReturnsGreeting() throws Exception {
        mockMvc.perform(get("/hello"))
                .andExpect(status().isOk())
                .andExpect(content().string("Hello CoddyKit!"));
    }
}

Mocking Services in Web Tests

What if your controller depends on a service? Since @WebMvcTest doesn't load service beans, you'll need to provide a mock. This is where @MockBean comes in handy.

@MockBean replaces an existing bean in the application context with a Mockito mock. This lets you define the behavior of the service without needing its actual implementation, keeping your test isolated to the controller logic.

package com.coddykit.service;

import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;

@Service
public class GreetingService {
    public String getGreeting() {
        return "Hello from Service!";
    }
}

package com.coddykit.controller;

import com.coddykit.service.GreetingService;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;

@RestController
public class GreetingController {
    private final GreetingService greetingService;

    public GreetingController(GreetingService greetingService) {
        this.greetingService = greetingService;
    }

    @GetMapping("/greeting")
    public String getCustomGreeting() {
        return greetingService.getGreeting();
    }
}

// --- Test Class ---
package com.coddykit;

import com.coddykit.controller.GreetingController;
import com.coddykit.service.GreetingService;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.web.servlet.WebMvcTest;
import org.springframework.boot.test.mock.mockito.MockBean;
import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.MockMvc;

import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders.get;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.content;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.status;

@WebMvcTest(GreetingController.class)
public class GreetingControllerTest {

    @Autowired
    private MockMvc mockMvc;

    @MockBean
    private GreetingService greetingService;

    @Test
    void greetingEndpointReturnsMockedGreeting() throws Exception {
        when(greetingService.getGreeting()).thenReturn("Mocked Greeting!");

        mockMvc.perform(get("/greeting"))
                .andExpect(status().isOk())
                .andExpect(content().string("Mocked Greeting!"));
    }
}

Testing Data Layers with @DataJpaTest

Moving to the data layer, @DataJpaTest is designed for testing JPA repositories. It's ideal for verifying that your entities are correctly mapped and your repository methods work as expected.

This annotation:

Configures an in-memory embedded database (like H2) by default.
Scans for @Entity classes and Spring Data JPA repositories.
Provides a TestEntityManager for interacting with the database directly in tests.

Your First @DataJpaTest

Let's create a simple Product entity and its repository, then write a @DataJpaTest to ensure data can be saved and retrieved. The TestEntityManager helps set up test data.

Each @DataJpaTest runs in a transaction and rolls back at the end, ensuring a clean state for every test.

package com.coddykit.entity;

import jakarta.persistence.Entity;
import jakarta.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import jakarta.persistence.GenerationType;
import jakarta.persistence.Id;

@Entity
public class Product {
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
    private Long id;
    private String name;
    private double price;

    public Product() {}
    public Product(String name, double price) {
        this.name = name;
        this.price = price;
    }

    public Long getId() { return id; }
    public void setId(Long id) { this.id = id; }
    public String getName() { return name; }
    public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; }
    public double getPrice() { return price; }
    public void setPrice(double price) { this.price = price; }
}

package com.coddykit.repository;

import com.coddykit.entity.Product;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository;

public interface ProductRepository extends JpaRepository<Product, Long> {
    Product findByName(String name);
}

// --- Test Class ---
package com.coddykit;

import com.coddykit.entity.Product;
import com.coddykit.repository.ProductRepository;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.orm.jpa.DataJpaTest;
import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.orm.jpa.TestEntityManager;

import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;

@DataJpaTest
public class ProductRepositoryTest {

    @Autowired
    private TestEntityManager entityManager;

    @Autowired
    private ProductRepository productRepository;

    @Test
    void productCanBeSavedAndFound() {
        Product newProduct = new Product("Laptop", 1200.00);
        entityManager.persist(newProduct);
        entityManager.flush();

        Product foundProduct = productRepository.findByName("Laptop");

        assertThat(foundProduct).isNotNull();
        assertThat(foundProduct.getName()).isEqualTo("Laptop");
        assertThat(foundProduct.getPrice()).isEqualTo(1200.00);
    }
}

Testcontainers: Real External Services

While in-memory databases are great for speed, they don't always mimic production environments perfectly. This is where Testcontainers shine!

Testcontainers is a Java library that provides lightweight, throwaway instances of databases, message brokers, web browsers, or anything else that can run in a Docker container. You get a real service for your tests, ensuring higher fidelity to your production setup.

No more mock databases that behave differently.
Consistent test environments across machines.
Supports a wide range of services.

Setting Up Your First Container

To use Testcontainers, you need Docker running on your machine. Here's a basic example of how you might start a Redis container within a JUnit test using GenericContainer. This demonstrates the lifecycle of a container for testing.

In a real test, you'd integrate a client (e.g., Spring Data Redis) to interact with this running Redis instance.

package com.coddykit;

import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.testcontainers.containers.GenericContainer;
import org.testcontainers.utility.DockerImageName;

import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;

public class RedisContainerTest {

    private static GenericContainer<?> redis = new GenericContainer<>(DockerImageName.parse("redis:5.0.3-alpine"))
            .withExposedPorts(6379);

    @Test
    void redisContainerStartsAndIsAccessible() {
        redis.start();
        assertThat(redis.isRunning()).isTrue();
        System.out.println("Redis container is running on port: " + redis.getFirstMappedPort());
        redis.stop();
    }
}

DataJpaTest with Testcontainers

Combining @DataJpaTest with Testcontainers allows you to test your repositories against a real database, like PostgreSQL, instead of an in-memory one. This provides the best of both worlds: focused data layer testing with a realistic database environment.

We use @Testcontainers to enable Testcontainers integration and @Container to define our database container. @DynamicPropertySource dynamically sets Spring's datasource properties to connect to the running container.

package com.coddykit;

import com.coddykit.entity.Product;
import com.coddykit.repository.ProductRepository;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.jdbc.AutoConfigureTestDatabase;
import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.orm.jpa.DataJpaTest;
import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.orm.jpa.TestEntityManager;
import org.springframework.test.context.DynamicPropertyRegistry;
import org.springframework.test.context.DynamicPropertySource;
import org.testcontainers.containers.PostgreSQLContainer;
import org.testcontainers.junit.jupiter.Container;
import org.testcontainers.junit.jupiter.Testcontainers;

import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;

@DataJpaTest
@Testcontainers
@AutoConfigureTestDatabase(replace = AutoConfigureTestDatabase.Replace.NONE)
public class ProductRepositoryPostgresTest {

    @Container
    static PostgreSQLContainer<?> postgres = new PostgreSQLContainer<>("postgres:13");

    @DynamicPropertySource
    static void configureProperties(DynamicPropertyRegistry registry) {
        registry.add("spring.datasource.url", postgres::getJdbcUrl);
        registry.add("spring.datasource.username", postgres::getUsername);
        registry.add("spring.datasource.password", postgres::getPassword);
    }

    @Autowired
    private TestEntityManager entityManager;

    @Autowired
    private ProductRepository productRepository;

    @Test
    void productCanBeSavedAndFoundInRealDb() {
        Product newProduct = new Product("Monitor", 300.00);
        entityManager.persist(newProduct);
        entityManager.flush();

        Product foundProduct = productRepository.findByName("Monitor");

        assertThat(foundProduct).isNotNull();
        assertThat(foundProduct.getName()).isEqualTo("Monitor");
    }
}

Check Your Understanding

Time to test what you've learned about focused testing strategies.

Slice Testing & Testcontainers Recap

You've successfully explored advanced testing techniques! Here's a quick recap:

Slice tests (like @WebMvcTest and @DataJpaTest) allow you to test specific layers of your application in isolation, making tests faster and more focused.
@WebMvcTest is for the web layer, using MockMvc to simulate requests.
@DataJpaTest is for the data layer, often with an in-memory database.
Testcontainers provide a powerful way to use real external services (like PostgreSQL or Redis) in Docker containers for your tests, ensuring high fidelity to production environments.

These tools are invaluable for building robust and reliable Spring Boot applications!

常见问题解答

「切片测试与 TestContainers」课时是免费的吗？

是的 — 「切片测试与 TestContainers」的完整文本可在网页上免费阅读。要进行交互式练习（内置代码编辑器和全天候 AI 导师）并解锁 Spring Boot 4 Complete Guide 课程的其余内容，请升级到 CoddyKit PRO。 Spring Boot 4 Complete Guide 课程共包含 4 节课。

「切片测试与 TestContainers」这节课中我会学到什么？

使用切片测试（`@WebMvcTest`、`@DataJpaTest`）针对特定层进行测试，并集成 TestContainers 来测试外部服务。你通过在浏览器中直接运行的动手代码来练习 Spring Boot 4 Complete Guide，全天候 AI 导师会在你学习这节课的过程中回答你的问题。

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大多数 CoddyKit 课程大约需要 5–10 分钟。每节课都很精短且互动，所以你能稳步进步，并在网页和应用中从离开的地方继续。

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