NestJS Enterprise Backend APIs · 课时

使用预签名 URL 直传 S3

从 API 签发短期预签名 URL，将大型上传任务转移到对象存储。

使用预签名 URL 直传 S3 是 CoddyKit 上的免费 NestJS Enterprise Backend APIs 课时。这是第 3 节课，共 4 节。你可以在下方免费阅读本课时的完整内容 — 然后在浏览器中使用内置代码编辑器和全天候 AI 导师进行实践。这是 NestJS Enterprise Backend APIs 学习路径的一部分，你的进度在网页和 CoddyKit 应用中同步。 NestJS Enterprise Backend APIs 课程共包含 4 节课。

本课时的部分内容尚未翻译，以英文显示。

Why Not Proxy Uploads Through the API?

When a client uploads a large file, the naive design sends the bytes to your NestJS API, which then forwards them to object storage. This makes your server a bottleneck.

Memory & CPU pressure — every upload occupies a request thread and buffers/streams through your process.
Doubled bandwidth — bytes travel client → API → S3, so you pay for the same data twice.
Request timeouts — load balancers (e.g. ALB, Nginx) cap request duration; multi-GB uploads stall.

The fix: let the browser upload directly to S3. Your API only issues a short-lived, signed URL that grants permission for one specific operation.

What Is a Presigned URL?

A presigned URL is a normal S3 object URL with extra query parameters that encode a temporary, cryptographically-signed grant. Anyone holding the URL can perform exactly one operation (e.g. PutObject) on exactly one key, until it expires.

Signed with your AWS credentials, but the credentials are never exposed — only the signature is.
Scoped to a single HTTP method, bucket, and object key.
Has a hard expiry (seconds), after which S3 rejects it with 403.

Because S3 validates the signature itself, your API does not touch the file bytes at all.

The Upload Flow

The end-to-end flow has three actors: the browser, your NestJS API, and S3.

1. Request: Browser asks the API, "I want to upload avatar.png, 240 KB, image/png."
2. Sign: API validates the request, generates a unique key, and returns a presigned PUT URL.
3. Upload: Browser PUTs the raw bytes straight to that URL on S3.
4. Confirm: Browser tells the API the upload succeeded; API persists the key in the database.

Your API stays fast and stateless — it never proxies the payload.

Configuring the S3 Client

Use the AWS SDK v3 modular packages. Create a single S3Client instance and share it via a NestJS provider so credentials and region are configured in one place.

Credentials come from environment variables (or, in production, an IAM role). Never hardcode them.

import { Injectable } from '@nestjs/common';
import { ConfigService } from '@nestjs/config';
import { S3Client } from '@aws-sdk/client-s3';

@Injectable()
export class S3Provider {
  readonly client: S3Client;
  readonly bucket: string;

  constructor(private readonly config: ConfigService) {
    this.bucket = config.getOrThrow<string>('S3_BUCKET');
    this.client = new S3Client({
      region: config.getOrThrow<string>('AWS_REGION'),
      credentials: {
        accessKeyId: config.getOrThrow<string>('AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID'),
        secretAccessKey: config.getOrThrow<string>('AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY'),
      },
    });
  }
}

Generating a Presigned PUT URL

The @aws-sdk/s3-request-presigner package signs a command without executing it. You build a PutObjectCommand describing the target key and content type, then call getSignedUrl with an expiresIn.

ContentType in the command is enforced: the browser must send a matching Content-Type header.
expiresIn is in seconds — keep it short (60–300s) so leaked URLs die quickly.

import { Injectable } from '@nestjs/common';
import { PutObjectCommand } from '@aws-sdk/client-s3';
import { getSignedUrl } from '@aws-sdk/s3-request-presigner';
import { S3Provider } from './s3.provider';

@Injectable()
export class UploadsService {
  constructor(private readonly s3: S3Provider) {}

  async createUploadUrl(key: string, contentType: string): Promise<string> {
    const command = new PutObjectCommand({
      Bucket: this.s3.bucket,
      Key: key,
      ContentType: contentType,
    });
    return getSignedUrl(this.s3.client, command, { expiresIn: 120 });
  }
}

Generating Safe, Unique Object Keys

Never trust the client's filename as the S3 key. A user could send ../../etc/passwd or collide with another user's file. Generate the key server-side.

Namespace by owner: uploads/{userId}/... so authorization is easy to reason about.
Use a random UUID to guarantee uniqueness.
Preserve only a sanitized extension for content-type hints and tooling.

import { randomUUID } from 'node:crypto';
import { extname } from 'node:path';

function buildObjectKey(userId: string, originalName: string): string {
  const ext = extname(originalName).toLowerCase().replace(/[^.a-z0-9]/g, '');
  const safeExt = /^\.[a-z0-9]{1,8}$/.test(ext) ? ext : '';
  return `uploads/${userId}/${randomUUID()}${safeExt}`;
}

console.log(buildObjectKey('user-42', 'My Vacation Photo.PNG'));
console.log(buildObjectKey('user-42', 'sneaky/../../etc/passwd'));

The Controller Endpoint

Expose a guarded endpoint that takes the file metadata, validates it with a DTO, and returns the presigned URL plus the final key. The client needs the key later to confirm or to build the public/read URL.

Authentication matters here: the signing endpoint is your access-control gate. S3 itself trusts any valid signature, so all checks (who, what size, what type) must happen before you sign.

import { Body, Controller, Post, UseGuards, Req } from '@nestjs/common';
import { JwtAuthGuard } from '../auth/jwt-auth.guard';
import { UploadsService } from './uploads.service';
import { CreateUploadDto } from './dto/create-upload.dto';

@UseGuards(JwtAuthGuard)
@Controller('uploads')
export class UploadsController {
  constructor(private readonly uploads: UploadsService) {}

  @Post('presign')
  async presign(@Req() req, @Body() dto: CreateUploadDto) {
    return this.uploads.presignForUser(req.user.id, dto);
  }
}

Validating the Upload Request DTO

Validate metadata before signing. Reject disallowed MIME types and oversized files at the API layer — but remember the client could lie, so this is a first line of defense, not the last.

Whitelist contentType against an allow-list.
Cap the declared size to fail fast on obviously huge uploads.

import { IsIn, IsInt, IsString, Max, Min } from 'class-validator';

const ALLOWED = ['image/png', 'image/jpeg', 'image/webp', 'application/pdf'] as const;

export class CreateUploadDto {
  @IsString()
  filename: string;

  @IsIn(ALLOWED)
  contentType: (typeof ALLOWED)[number];

  @IsInt()
  @Min(1)
  @Max(10 * 1024 * 1024) // 10 MB
  size: number;
}

Enforcing Size with a Signed Content-Length

The DTO size check is advisory — the browser still controls how many bytes it actually PUTs. To make S3 itself reject oversized uploads, bind a content-length range into the signature.

For a single PUT, sign ContentLength so S3 enforces an exact byte count. For more flexible limits (a min/max range), use a presigned POST policy instead, which supports content-length-range conditions.

import { createPresignedPost } from '@aws-sdk/s3-presigned-post';

async function presignPost(client, bucket: string, key: string) {
  return createPresignedPost(client, {
    Bucket: bucket,
    Key: key,
    Conditions: [
      ['content-length-range', 1, 10 * 1024 * 1024], // 1 byte – 10 MB
      ['starts-with', '$Content-Type', 'image/'],
    ],
    Fields: { 'Content-Type': 'image/png' },
    Expires: 120,
  });
}

The Browser-Side Upload

With the presigned PUT URL in hand, the browser uploads with a plain fetch. There is no SDK and no AWS credentials on the client — just the bytes and a matching Content-Type.

The header must equal the ContentType you signed, or S3 returns 403 SignatureDoesNotMatch.
Do not send Authorization — the signature lives in the query string.

async function uploadFile(presignedUrl: string, file: File): Promise<void> {
  const res = await fetch(presignedUrl, {
    method: 'PUT',
    headers: { 'Content-Type': file.type },
    body: file,
  });
  if (!res.ok) {
    throw new Error(`Upload failed: ${res.status} ${res.statusText}`);
  }
}

Confirming the Upload & Reading Back

Because S3 doesn't notify your API, the client calls back after a successful PUT so you can persist the key. For extra safety, the API can HeadObject to verify the object truly exists and check its real size/type before trusting it.

To serve the file later, either keep the bucket private and issue a presigned GET URL on demand, or (for public assets) store and return the public URL.

import { GetObjectCommand, HeadObjectCommand } from '@aws-sdk/client-s3';
import { getSignedUrl } from '@aws-sdk/s3-request-presigner';

async confirm(userId: string, key: string) {
  const head = await this.s3.client.send(
    new HeadObjectCommand({ Bucket: this.s3.bucket, Key: key }),
  );
  if ((head.ContentLength ?? 0) > 10 * 1024 * 1024) {
    throw new BadRequestException('Object exceeds size limit');
  }
  await this.files.save({ userId, key, size: head.ContentLength });
}

async downloadUrl(key: string) {
  return getSignedUrl(
    this.s3.client,
    new GetObjectCommand({ Bucket: this.s3.bucket, Key: key }),
    { expiresIn: 300 },
  );
}

Quick Check

Test your understanding of where access control lives in this pattern.

Recap

You learned how to offload heavy uploads to S3 using presigned URLs:

Why: proxying bytes through the API wastes bandwidth, memory, and hits request timeouts.
How: the API signs a short-lived PutObjectCommand with getSignedUrl; the browser PUTs straight to S3.
Keys: always generate them server-side (UUID + namespaced by user); never trust client filenames.
Security: the presign endpoint is the access-control gate — authenticate, whitelist MIME types, and cap size there. Use presigned POST content-length-range to let S3 enforce size.
After upload: confirm with HeadObject, persist the key, and serve later via presigned GetObjectCommand URLs.

常见问题解答

「使用预签名 URL 直传 S3」课时是免费的吗？

是的 — 「使用预签名 URL 直传 S3」的完整文本可在网页上免费阅读。要进行交互式练习（内置代码编辑器和全天候 AI 导师）并解锁 NestJS Enterprise Backend APIs 课程的其余内容，请升级到 CoddyKit PRO。 NestJS Enterprise Backend APIs 课程共包含 4 节课。

「使用预签名 URL 直传 S3」这节课中我会学到什么？

从 API 签发短期预签名 URL，将大型上传任务转移到对象存储。你通过在浏览器中直接运行的动手代码来练习 NestJS Enterprise Backend APIs，全天候 AI 导师会在你学习这节课的过程中回答你的问题。

学习 NestJS Enterprise Backend APIs 需要有经验吗？

无需任何先前经验。CoddyKit 上的 NestJS Enterprise Backend APIs 课程适合初学者到高级学习者，你可以从这里开始或从头开始，按照自己的节奏学习。这是第 3 节课，共 4 节。

「使用预签名 URL 直传 S3」课时需要多长时间？

大多数 CoddyKit 课程大约需要 5–10 分钟。每节课都很精短且互动，所以你能稳步进步，并在网页和应用中从离开的地方继续。

我能在这节 NestJS Enterprise Backend APIs 课中编写并运行代码吗？

能。每节 NestJS Enterprise Backend APIs 课都包含内置代码编辑器，你可以在浏览器中直接编写并运行真实代码，并获得即时 AI 反馈 — 无需本地设置。

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