使用 Bats-core 对函数进行单元测试

Bats-core 是什么，为什么使用它？

# Install via git (recommended — always latest)
git clone https://github.com/bats-core/bats-core.git
cd bats-core && sudo ./install.sh /usr/local

# Or on macOS with Homebrew
brew install bats-core

# Verify installation
bats --version
# bats 1.x.y

您的第一个 Bats 测试文件

#!/usr/bin/env bats
# File: test/hello.bats

@test "echo outputs the expected string" {
  result=$(echo "hello world")
  [ "$result" = "hello world" ]
}

@test "false command causes test to fail" {
  # Uncommenting the next line would make this test fail:
  # false
  true
}

使用“load”加载待测函数

# Project layout:
# lib/math.sh       <- functions to test
# test/math.bats    <- test file

# lib/math.sh
add() {
  echo $(( $1 + $2 ))
}

divide() {
  if [ "$2" -eq 0 ]; then
    echo "Error: division by zero" >&2
    return 1
  fi
  echo $(( $1 / $2 ))
}

# test/math.bats
#!/usr/bin/env bats

load '../lib/math.sh'

@test "add returns correct sum" {
  result=$(add 3 4)
  [ "$result" = "7" ]
}

核心断言：run、$status、$output

#!/usr/bin/env bats

load '../lib/math.sh'

@test "divide 10 by 2 returns 5" {
  run divide 10 2
  [ "$status" -eq 0 ]
  [ "$output" = "5" ]
}

@test "divide by zero returns exit code 1" {
  run divide 10 0
  [ "$status" -eq 1 ]
}

@test "divide by zero prints error message" {
  run divide 10 0
  # $output captures stderr too when redirected inside the function
  [[ "$output" == *"division by zero"* ]]
}

使用 bats-assert 编写清晰易懂的断言

#!/usr/bin/env bats

# Load bats-assert (cloned into test/helpers/bats-assert)
load 'helpers/bats-assert/load'
load '../lib/math.sh'

@test "add 5 and 3 gives 8" {
  run add 5 3
  assert_success
  assert_output "8"
}

@test "divide by zero fails with descriptive message" {
  run divide 9 0
  assert_failure
  assert_output --partial "division by zero"
}

@test "add does not output an error" {
  run add 1 1
  refute_output --partial "Error"
}

setup 和 teardown：测试生命周期钩子

#!/usr/bin/env bats

load '../lib/fileutils.sh'

setup() {
  # Create a fresh temp directory before every test
  TEST_DIR=$(mktemp -d)
  export TEST_DIR
}

teardown() {
  # Always clean up, even on test failure
  rm -rf "$TEST_DIR"
}

@test "write_file creates a file with correct content" {
  run write_file "$TEST_DIR/hello.txt" "hello world"
  assert_success
  [ -f "$TEST_DIR/hello.txt" ]
  [ "$(cat "$TEST_DIR/hello.txt")" = "hello world" ]
}

@test "write_file fails when directory does not exist" {
  run write_file "/nonexistent/dir/file.txt" "data"
  assert_failure
}

setup_file 和 teardown_file：测试套件级钩子

#!/usr/bin/env bats

setup_file() {
  # Build the project binary once for all tests in this file
  make build --silent
  export BINARY="$PWD/bin/myapp"
  echo "Binary built: $BINARY"
}

teardown_file() {
  # Remove the binary after all tests complete
  rm -f "$BINARY"
  echo "Cleaned up binary"
}

setup() {
  # Still runs before each individual test
  TEST_TMP=$(mktemp -d)
}

teardown() {
  rm -rf "$TEST_TMP"
}

@test "myapp --version outputs version string" {
  run "$BINARY" --version
  assert_output --partial "1.0"
}

测试会修改文件的函数

#!/usr/bin/env bats

load 'helpers/bats-assert/load'
load 'helpers/bats-file/load'
load '../lib/fileutils.sh'

setup() {
  TEST_DIR="$BATS_TEST_TMPDIR"
}

# lib/fileutils.sh defines:
# append_line() { echo "$2" >> "$1"; }

@test "append_line adds a line to an existing file" {
  echo "first line" > "$TEST_DIR/log.txt"

  run append_line "$TEST_DIR/log.txt" "second line"
  assert_success

  assert_file_contains "$TEST_DIR/log.txt" "second line"
}

@test "append_line creates file if it does not exist" {
  run append_line "$TEST_DIR/new.txt" "hello"
  assert_success
  assert_file_exists "$TEST_DIR/new.txt"
}

模拟外部命令

#!/usr/bin/env bats

load 'helpers/bats-assert/load'
load '../lib/network.sh'

# lib/network.sh defines:
# fetch_status() {
#   local url="$1"
#   local code
#   code=$(curl -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}" "$url")
#   echo "$code"
# }

setup() {
  # Override 'curl' with a mock function
  curl() {
    # Simulate a 200 OK response
    echo "200"
    return 0
  }
  export -f curl
}

@test "fetch_status returns 200 when curl reports 200" {
  run fetch_status "https://example.com"
  assert_success
  assert_output "200"
}

跳过测试和添加标签

#!/usr/bin/env bats

# bats test_tags=network
@test "API returns valid JSON" {
  # Skip if no internet connectivity
  if ! ping -c1 -W1 8.8.8.8 &>/dev/null; then
    skip "No network connection available"
  fi

  run curl -s "https://api.example.com/health"
  assert_success
  assert_output --partial '"status"'
}

# bats test_tags=unit
@test "slug function lowercases and replaces spaces" {
  # Always runs — pure function, no external deps
  slug() { echo "$1" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]' | tr ' ' '-'; }
  run slug "Hello World"
  assert_output "hello-world"
}

# Run only unit tests:
# bats --filter-tags unit test/

构建完整的测试套件

# Makefile
.PHONY: test
test:
	bats test/

# Run all tests recursively (Bats 1.5+)
# bats --recursive test/

# Run a specific file
# bats test/math.bats

# Run with verbose (TAP) output for CI
# bats --tap test/

# Example directory tree:
# .
# |-- lib/
# |   |-- math.sh
# |   `-- fileutils.sh
# |-- test/
# |   |-- helpers/
# |   |   |-- bats-assert/
# |   |   `-- bats-file/
# |   |-- math.bats
# |   `-- fileutils.bats
# `-- Makefile

知识检查：Bats-core 断言

回顾：使用 Bats-core 为 Bash 编写单元测试