防止命令与参数注入

Bash 中注入攻击为何会发生

单词拆分：无声的威胁

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Dangerous: unquoted variable
FILE='important file.txt'

# Create the file so the demo is self-contained
touch "$FILE"

echo "Files before:"
ls

# BUG: rm sees TWO arguments: 'important' and 'file.txt'
# If 'important' does not exist, rm prints an error but continues.
rm $FILE   # <-- unquoted, word-split happens here

echo "Files after (unquoted rm):"
ls

始终加引号：Bash 防御的第一条规则

#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -euo pipefail

FILE='important file.txt'
touch "$FILE"

echo 'Files before:'
ls

# SAFE: double-quotes keep the filename as one token
rm "$FILE"

echo 'Files after (quoted rm):'
ls

通配符注入：当 * 变成武器

#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -euo pipefail

# Simulate attacker-supplied input
PATTERN='*'

mkdir -p /tmp/safe_demo_src /tmp/safe_demo_dst
touch /tmp/safe_demo_src/secret1.txt /tmp/safe_demo_src/secret2.txt

cd /tmp/safe_demo_src

# UNSAFE: glob expands, copies every file
# cp $PATTERN /tmp/safe_demo_dst/

# SAFE: pattern is treated as a literal filename
cp "$PATTERN" /tmp/safe_demo_dst/ 2>&1 || echo 'No file named literally "*" — attack neutralised'

rm -rf /tmp/safe_demo_src /tmp/safe_demo_dst

未加引号的位置参数导致的参数注入

#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -euo pipefail

# Safe wrapper: forward all arguments quoted
grep_wrapper() {
    local pattern="$1"
    shift
    # "$@" preserves each file argument as one token
    grep -rn "$pattern" "$@"
}

# Usage: ./script 'error msg' /var/log/syslog '/path with spaces/app.log'
echo 'Searching current script for "safe":'
grep_wrapper 'safe' "$0"

通过 eval 和未验证输入进行命令注入

#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -euo pipefail

# Simulated attacker-supplied variable name
VARNAME='PATH; echo INJECTED'

# UNSAFE: eval lets attacker run 'echo INJECTED'
# eval "echo \$$VARNAME"

# SAFE: indirect expansion only resolves valid variable names
# First validate that VARNAME is a legal identifier
if [[ "$VARNAME" =~ ^[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*$ ]]; then
    echo "Value: ${!VARNAME}"
else
    echo "ERROR: invalid variable name: '$VARNAME'" >&2
    exit 1
fi

输入验证：优先使用允许列表，而不是拒绝列表

#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -euo pipefail

validate_username() {
    local name="$1"
    # Allowlist: only lowercase letters, digits, underscore, hyphen; 1-32 chars
    if [[ ! "$name" =~ ^[a-z0-9_-]{1,32}$ ]]; then
        echo "ERROR: invalid username '${name}'" >&2
        return 1
    fi
    echo "Username accepted: $name"
}

validate_username 'alice'          # OK
validate_username 'bob_smith-2'    # OK
validate_username 'root; rm -rf /' # REJECTED
validate_username '../etc/passwd'   # REJECTED

使用数组安全地传递参数

#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -euo pipefail

# Build a find command safely with an array
BASEDIR='/tmp'
USER_PATTERN='*.log'   # could come from user input (validate first!)
MAX_DAYS=7

cmd=(find "$BASEDIR" -type f -name "$USER_PATTERN" -mtime "+${MAX_DAYS}")

# Optionally add -delete only when requested
DELETE=false
if [[ "$DELETE" == 'true' ]]; then
    cmd+=(-delete)
fi

echo "Running: ${cmd[*]}"
"${cmd[@]}"

-- 分隔符：防止选项注入

#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -euo pipefail

# Simulate a dangerous filename supplied by the user
FILENAME='-rf /tmp/safe_demo_target'

mkdir -p /tmp/safe_demo_target
touch /tmp/safe_demo_target/keep_me.txt

echo 'Files before:'
ls /tmp/safe_demo_target/

# UNSAFE (flag injection — do NOT uncomment in real systems):
# rm "$FILENAME"

# SAFE: -- ends option processing; filename is treated literally
rm -- "$FILENAME" 2>&1 || echo "No such file (attack neutralised): $FILENAME"

echo 'Files after:'
ls /tmp/safe_demo_target/
rm -rf /tmp/safe_demo_target

为 SQL 和外部工具清理输入

#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -euo pipefail

# Validate first: only allow alphanumeric usernames
USERNAME="${1:-alice}"
if [[ ! "$USERNAME" =~ ^[a-z0-9_]{1,32}$ ]]; then
    echo 'ERROR: invalid username' >&2
    exit 1
fi

# UNSAFE:
# psql -c "SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = '$USERNAME';"

# SAFE: pass value as a psql variable, never inside the SQL text
# psql -v username="$USERNAME" -c 'SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = :username;'

# Demonstrate the principle with printf (safe format string usage)
printf 'Query would use username: %s\n' "$USERNAME"

加固检查清单：综合运用

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Hardened template — safe argument injection prevention
set -euo pipefail
IFS=$'\n\t'

#--- 1. Validate inputs at the boundary ---
SEARCH_DIR="${1:-}"
PATTERN="${2:-}"

[[ -z "$SEARCH_DIR" || -z "$PATTERN" ]] && { echo 'Usage: script <dir> <pattern>' >&2; exit 1; }
[[ ! "$SEARCH_DIR" =~ ^[A-Za-z0-9/_.-]+$ ]] && { echo 'ERROR: unsafe directory path' >&2; exit 1; }
[[ ! "$PATTERN" =~ ^[A-Za-z0-9._-]+$ ]]    && { echo 'ERROR: unsafe pattern'        >&2; exit 1; }

#--- 2. Build command with an array ---
cmd=(find -- "$SEARCH_DIR" -type f -name "$PATTERN")

#--- 3. Execute — no string interpolation, no eval ---
echo "Executing: ${cmd[*]}"
"${cmd[@]}"

知识检查：引用与注入防护

课程回顾：防止命令注入和参数注入