自动化用户与用户组配置

为什么要自动化用户配置？

读取批量用户列表

username,full_name,group,shell
alice,Alice Smith,developers,/bin/bash
bob,Bob Jones,ops,/bin/zsh

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# parse_users.sh — safely read a CSV of users
set -euo pipefail

USER_FILE="${1:-users.csv}"

[[ -f "$USER_FILE" ]] || { echo "ERROR: $USER_FILE not found"; exit 1; }

tail -n +2 "$USER_FILE" | while IFS=',' read -r username full_name group shell; do
  # trim whitespace
  username="${username// /}"
  [[ -z "$username" || "$username" == \#* ]] && continue

  echo "Parsed -> user=$username group=$group shell=$shell"
done

使用 useradd 创建用户

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# create_user.sh — idempotent single-user creation
set -euo pipefail

[[ $EUID -ne 0 ]] && { echo "Must run as root"; exit 1; }

USERNAME="$1"
FULL_NAME="${2:-}"
GROUP="${3:-staff}"
SHELL="${4:-/bin/bash}"

if id "$USERNAME" &>/dev/null; then
  echo "[SKIP] User $USERNAME already exists"
else
  useradd \
    --create-home \
    --shell "$SHELL" \
    --comment "$FULL_NAME" \
    --groups "$GROUP" \
    "$USERNAME"
  echo "[OK] Created $USERNAME"
fi

安全地设置初始密码

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# set_temp_password.sh
set -euo pipefail

[[ $EUID -ne 0 ]] && { echo "Must run as root"; exit 1; }

USERNAME="$1"

# Generate a 16-char random password (alphanumeric only)
TMP_PASS=$(tr -dc 'A-Za-z0-9' < /dev/urandom | head -c 16)

# Set password via chpasswd (password never in argv)
echo "${USERNAME}:${TMP_PASS}" | chpasswd

# Force password change on next login
chage -d 0 "$USERNAME"

echo "[OK] Temporary password for $USERNAME: $TMP_PASS"
echo "[OK] User must change password on first login"

使用 chage 管理密码有效期

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# apply_password_policy.sh — enforce org-wide ageing policy
set -euo pipefail

[[ $EUID -ne 0 ]] && { echo "Must run as root"; exit 1; }

# Policy constants
MAX_AGE=90
MIN_AGE=1
WARN_DAYS=14
INACTIVE_DAYS=30

apply_policy() {
  local user="$1"
  chage \
    -M "$MAX_AGE" \
    -m "$MIN_AGE" \
    -W "$WARN_DAYS" \
    -I "$INACTIVE_DAYS" \
    "$user"
  echo "[OK] Policy applied to $user"
}

# Apply to all non-system users (UID >= 1000)
awk -F: '$3 >= 1000 && $3 < 65534 { print $1 }' /etc/passwd | while read -r user; do
  apply_policy "$user"
done

批量管理组

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# ensure_groups.sh — create groups if missing, then add users
set -euo pipefail

[[ $EUID -ne 0 ]] && { echo "Must run as root"; exit 1; }

REQUIRED_GROUPS=(developers ops security auditors)

for grp in "${REQUIRED_GROUPS[@]}"; do
  if getent group "$grp" &>/dev/null; then
    echo "[SKIP] Group $grp already exists"
  else
    groupadd "$grp"
    echo "[OK] Created group $grp"
  fi
done

# Safely add a user to a group (append, don't replace)
add_to_group() {
  local user="$1" group="$2"
  gpasswd -a "$user" "$group" 2>/dev/null && echo "[OK] $user -> $group"
}

完整的批量配置脚本

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# bulk_provision.sh — production user provisioning
set -uo pipefail

[[ $EUID -ne 0 ]] && { echo "Must run as root"; exit 1; }

USER_FILE="${1:-users.csv}"
LOG_FILE="/var/log/user_provision_$(date +%F).log"

log()  { echo "[$(date '+%F %T')] $*" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"; }
err()  { log "ERROR: $*"; }

log "=== Provisioning started from $USER_FILE ==="

tail -n +2 "$USER_FILE" | while IFS=',' read -r username fullname group shell; do
  username="${username// /}"
  [[ -z "$username" || "$username" == \#* ]] && continue
  group="${group:-staff}"
  shell="${shell:-/bin/bash}"

  # Ensure group exists
  getent group "$group" &>/dev/null || groupadd "$group"

  # Create user idempotently
  if id "$username" &>/dev/null; then
    log "[SKIP] $username exists"
  else
    useradd -m -s "$shell" -c "$fullname" -G "$group" "$username" || { err "useradd failed for $username"; continue; }
    TMP="$(tr -dc 'A-Za-z0-9' < /dev/urandom | head -c 14)"
    echo "${username}:${TMP}" | chpasswd
    chage -M 90 -m 1 -W 14 -I 30 -d 0 "$username"
    log "[OK] $username created (group=$group) tmp_pass=$TMP"
  fi
done

log "=== Provisioning complete ==="

sudoers 插入片段管理

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# write_sudoers_fragment.sh
set -euo pipefail

[[ $EUID -ne 0 ]] && { echo "Must run as root"; exit 1; }

FRAGMENT_NAME="${1:-10-developers}"
SUDOERS_DIR="/etc/sudoers.d"
TMP_FILE="$(mktemp)"

# Write the fragment to a temp file first
cat > "$TMP_FILE" << 'EOF'
# Developers: restart services and view journals without full root
%developers ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/systemctl restart *, /usr/bin/journalctl
%ops        ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL
EOF

# Validate BEFORE installing
if visudo -c -f "$TMP_FILE"; then
  install -m 0440 -o root -g root "$TMP_FILE" "${SUDOERS_DIR}/${FRAGMENT_NAME}"
  echo "[OK] Installed ${SUDOERS_DIR}/${FRAGMENT_NAME}"
else
  echo "[ERROR] sudoers syntax check failed — fragment NOT installed"
  rm -f "$TMP_FILE"
  exit 1
fi
rm -f "$TMP_FILE"

审计现有账户

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# audit_users.sh — produce a security-relevant user report
set -uo pipefail

REPORT="/var/log/user_audit_$(date +%F).txt"

echo "=== User Audit Report $(date) ===" > "$REPORT"

echo "" >> "$REPORT"
echo "--- Accounts with UID 0 (should be root only) ---" >> "$REPORT"
awk -F: '$3 == 0 { print $1 }' /etc/passwd >> "$REPORT"

echo "" >> "$REPORT"
echo "--- Accounts with empty password field ---" >> "$REPORT"
awk -F: '($2 == "" || $2 == "!") && $3 >= 1000 { print $1 }' /etc/shadow 2>/dev/null >> "$REPORT" || echo "  (requires root)" >> "$REPORT"

echo "" >> "$REPORT"
echo "--- Normal users (UID 1000-60000) ---" >> "$REPORT"
awk -F: '$3 >= 1000 && $3 < 60000 { printf "%-20s uid=%-6s shell=%s\n", $1, $3, $7 }' /etc/passwd >> "$REPORT"

cat "$REPORT"
echo "Report saved to $REPORT"

锁定、解锁和删除账户

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# offboard_user.sh — lock, archive, then optionally delete
set -euo pipefail

[[ $EUID -ne 0 ]] && { echo "Must run as root"; exit 1; }

USERNAME="$1"
ARCHIVE_DIR="/srv/archived-homes"
mkdir -p "$ARCHIVE_DIR"

# 1. Lock account
usermod -L "$USERNAME"
echo "[OK] Account $USERNAME locked"

# 2. Remove sudoers fragment if present
SUDOERS_FILE="/etc/sudoers.d/${USERNAME}"
[[ -f "$SUDOERS_FILE" ]] && rm -f "$SUDOERS_FILE" && echo "[OK] Removed sudoers fragment"

# 3. Archive home directory
HOME_DIR="$(getent passwd "$USERNAME" | cut -d: -f6)"
if [[ -d "$HOME_DIR" ]]; then
  tar -czf "${ARCHIVE_DIR}/${USERNAME}_$(date +%F).tar.gz" -C "$(dirname "$HOME_DIR")" "$(basename "$HOME_DIR")"
  echo "[OK] Home archived to ${ARCHIVE_DIR}/${USERNAME}_$(date +%F).tar.gz"
fi

echo "[NOTICE] Review archive, then run: userdel -r $USERNAME"

使用试运行模式测试脚本

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# provision_with_dryrun.sh
set -euo pipefail

DRY_RUN="${DRY_RUN:-false}"

# Wrapper: execute or echo
run() {
  if [[ "$DRY_RUN" == "true" ]]; then
    echo "[DRY-RUN] $*"
  else
    "$@"
  fi
}

create_user() {
  local user="$1" group="$2"
  if id "$user" &>/dev/null; then
    echo "[SKIP] $user exists"
    return
  fi
  run useradd -m -s /bin/bash -G "$group" "$user"
  run chage -M 90 -m 1 -W 14 -d 0 "$user"
  echo "[OK] $user provisioned (dry=$DRY_RUN)"
}

# Test run
DRY_RUN=true create_user testuser developers
echo "---"
create_user realuser developers 2>/dev/null || true

在不删除现有组成员关系的情况下将用户添加到附加组，应使用哪个命令？

课程回顾：自动化用户和组配置