Testing Mastery: JUnit, Mockito & Integration Tests · 课时

使用 @Mock 与 @InjectMocks 注入模拟对象

使用 Mockito 注解将模拟依赖装配到被测试的类中，减少样板初始化代码。

使用 @Mock 与 @InjectMocks 注入模拟对象 是 CoddyKit 上的免费 Testing Mastery: JUnit, Mockito & Integration Tests 课时。这是第 4 节课，共 4 节。你可以在下方免费阅读本课时的完整内容 — 然后在浏览器中使用内置代码编辑器和全天候 AI 导师进行实践。这是 Testing Mastery: JUnit, Mockito & Integration Tests 学习路径的一部分，你的进度在网页和 CoddyKit 应用中同步。 Testing Mastery: JUnit, Mockito & Integration Tests 课程共包含 4 节课。

本课时的部分内容尚未翻译，以英文显示。

Why Annotations?

Creating mocks manually with mock(Type.class) works, but for classes with several dependencies it becomes repetitive. Mockito offers annotations that declare and wire mocks for you.

@Mock declares a mock field
@InjectMocks builds the real object and injects the mocks

The Class Under Test

Imagine an OrderService that depends on a PaymentGateway. We want to test the service while controlling the gateway.

class OrderService {
  private final PaymentGateway gateway;
  OrderService(PaymentGateway gateway) { this.gateway = gateway; }
  boolean checkout(double amount) {
    return gateway.charge(amount);
  }
}

Declaring a @Mock

Annotate a field with @Mock and Mockito creates a mock instance for it automatically once the annotations are processed.

@Mock
PaymentGateway gateway;

Using @InjectMocks

@InjectMocks tells Mockito to instantiate the target and inject any @Mock fields into it, via constructor, setter, or field injection.

@Mock PaymentGateway gateway;

@InjectMocks OrderService service;

Activating the Annotations

Annotations do nothing on their own. With JUnit 5 you enable them using @ExtendWith(MockitoExtension.class) on the test class.

@ExtendWith(MockitoExtension.class)
class OrderServiceTest {
  @Mock PaymentGateway gateway;
  @InjectMocks OrderService service;
}

The Older openMocks Approach

Without the extension you can call MockitoAnnotations.openMocks(this) in a @BeforeEach method. Prefer the extension when you can.

@BeforeEach
void setUp() {
  MockitoAnnotations.openMocks(this);
}

Writing the Test

Now stub the injected mock and exercise the service. The service already holds the mocked gateway, so no manual wiring is needed.

@Test
void checkoutSucceeds() {
  when(gateway.charge(100.0)).thenReturn(true);
  assertTrue(service.checkout(100.0));
}

Injection Strategies

Mockito tries injection in this order:

Constructor injection (preferred)
Setter injection
Field injection

Constructor injection is the safest because it works with final fields.

Multiple Dependencies

A class with several collaborators just gets several @Mock fields. Mockito matches each by type during injection.

@Mock PaymentGateway gateway;
@Mock InventoryRepo inventory;
@InjectMocks OrderService service;

When Injection Fails Silently

If a dependency cannot be matched, the field stays null rather than throwing. A NullPointerException at test time often means injection did not happen as expected. Verify types and constructor signatures.

Cleaner Tests

Annotations remove repetitive mock(...) and new Service(...) calls, keeping each test focused on behavior instead of wiring.

Quick Check

Which annotation builds the real object and injects mocks into it?

Recap

You learned to wire mocks declaratively:

@Mock declares a mock field
@InjectMocks builds the target and injects mocks
Enable with @ExtendWith(MockitoExtension.class)
Constructor injection is preferred and supports final fields

常见问题解答

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使用 Mockito 注解将模拟依赖装配到被测试的类中，减少样板初始化代码。你通过在浏览器中直接运行的动手代码来练习 Testing Mastery: JUnit, Mockito & Integration Tests，全天候 AI 导师会在你学习这节课的过程中回答你的问题。

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大多数 CoddyKit 课程大约需要 5–10 分钟。每节课都很精短且互动，所以你能稳步进步，并在网页和应用中从离开的地方继续。

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