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Flutter Mobile Development · 课时

Provider 软件包基础

学习使用 Provider 软件包这一流行的 Flutter 方案，在整个应用中实现简单且可扩展的状态管理。

Provider 软件包基础 是 CoddyKit 上的免费 Flutter Mobile Development 课时。 这是第 2 节课，共 4 节。 你可以在下方免费阅读本课时的完整内容 — 然后在浏览器中使用内置代码编辑器和全天候 AI 导师进行实践。 这是 Flutter Mobile Development 学习路径的一部分，你的进度在网页和 CoddyKit 应用中同步。 Flutter Mobile Development 课程共包含 4 节课。

本课时的部分内容尚未翻译，以英文显示。

What is Provider?

The Provider package is a popular and simple solution for state management in Flutter. It's built on top of Flutter's own InheritedWidget, making it efficient and easy to understand.

It helps you share data and state across your widget tree without complex callbacks or prop drilling.

The Data Holder: ChangeNotifier

At the heart of Provider is the ChangeNotifier class. You extend this class for any object that holds state you want to share.

When your state changes, you call notifyListeners() to tell all listening widgets to rebuild.

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';

// 1. Extend ChangeNotifier
class MyCounter extends ChangeNotifier {
  int _count = 0; // Private state variable

  // Getter to access the count
  int get count => _count;

  // Method to modify state and notify listeners
  void increment() {
    _count++;
    notifyListeners(); // Important! Triggers UI updates
  }
}

Making State Available

To make your ChangeNotifier instance available to widgets, you use a ChangeNotifierProvider. You wrap a part of your widget tree (usually your whole app) with it.

The create callback provides an instance of your state object.

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import 'package:provider/provider.dart';

// Our state class from before
class MyCounter extends ChangeNotifier {
  int _count = 0;
  int get count => _count;
  void increment() {
    _count++;
    notifyListeners();
  }
}

void main() {
  runApp(
    // Wrap the app with ChangeNotifierProvider
    ChangeNotifierProvider(
      create: (context) => MyCounter(), // Create an instance
      child: MyApp(), // The widget tree that can access MyCounter
    ),
  );
}

class MyApp extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return MaterialApp(
      home: Scaffold(
        appBar: AppBar(title: Text('Provider Setup')),
        body: Center(
          child: Text(
            'MyCounter is now provided!',
            style: TextStyle(fontSize: 24),
          ),
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

Listening for UI Rebuilds

The most common way for a widget to listen to state changes and rebuild its UI is using context.watch(). This method makes the widget dependent on the provided state.

When notifyListeners() is called, any widget using watch will rebuild.

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import 'package:provider/provider.dart';

class MyCounter extends ChangeNotifier {
  int _count = 0;
  int get count => _count;
  void increment() {
    _count++;
    notifyListeners();
  }
}

void main() {
  runApp(
    ChangeNotifierProvider(
      create: (context) => MyCounter(),
      child: MyApp(),
    ),
  );
}

class MyApp extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    // 1. Use context.watch<MyCounter>() to get the current state
    //    This widget will rebuild when MyCounter changes.
    final counter = context.watch<MyCounter>();

    return MaterialApp(
      home: Scaffold(
        appBar: AppBar(title: Text('Watch for Changes')),
        body: Center(
          child: Column(
            mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center,
            children: [
              Text(
                'Count: ${counter.count}', // Display the count
                style: TextStyle(fontSize: 32),
              ),
              SizedBox(height: 20),
              // Button to increment (action will be added next)
              ElevatedButton(
                onPressed: () {
                  // How to trigger increment? See next scene!
                },
                child: Text('Increment (Not yet connected)'),
              ),
            ],
          ),
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

Actions without Rebuilds

Sometimes you need to access state methods (like increment()) but don't want the widget to rebuild. For this, use context.read().

It provides a one-time access to the state object and does not establish a listening relationship.

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import 'package:provider/provider.dart';

class MyCounter extends ChangeNotifier {
  int _count = 0;
  int get count => _count;
  void increment() {
    _count++;
    notifyListeners();
  }
}

void main() {
  runApp(
    ChangeNotifierProvider(
      create: (context) => MyCounter(),
      child: MyApp(),
    ),
  );
}

class MyApp extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    final counter = context.watch<MyCounter>(); // Listen for UI updates

    return MaterialApp(
      home: Scaffold(
        appBar: AppBar(title: Text('Read for Actions')),
        body: Center(
          child: Column(
            mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center,
            children: [
              Text(
                'Count: ${counter.count}',
                style: TextStyle(fontSize: 32),
              ),
              SizedBox(height: 20),
              ElevatedButton(
                onPressed: () {
                  // 1. Use context.read<MyCounter>() to get the instance
                  // 2. Call the increment method
                  context.read<MyCounter>().increment();
                },
                child: Text('Increment Counter'),
              ),
            ],
          ),
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

Alternative for One-Time Access

Before context.read(), the common way to access state without listening was Provider.of(context, listen: false).

It works exactly like context.read(), but read is often preferred for its conciseness. Both are suitable for event handlers like onPressed.

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import 'package:provider/provider.dart';

class MyCounter extends ChangeNotifier {
  int _count = 0;
  int get count => _count;
  void increment() {
    _count++;
    notifyListeners();
  }
}

void main() {
  runApp(
    ChangeNotifierProvider(
      create: (context) => MyCounter(),
      child: MyApp(),
    ),
  );
}

class MyApp extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    final counter = context.watch<MyCounter>(); // UI listens

    return MaterialApp(
      home: Scaffold(
        appBar: AppBar(title: Text('Provider.of(listen: false)')),
        body: Center(
          child: Column(
            mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center,
            children: [
              Text(
                'Count: ${counter.count}',
                style: TextStyle(fontSize: 32),
              ),
              SizedBox(height: 20),
              ElevatedButton(
                onPressed: () {
                  // Use Provider.of with listen: false for one-time access
                  Provider.of<MyCounter>(context, listen: false).increment();
                },
                child: Text('Increment Counter (using Provider.of)'),
              ),
            ],
          ),
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

Fine-Grained Rebuilds with Consumer

The Consumer widget is another way to listen to state changes. Unlike context.watch(), which rebuilds the entire widget, Consumer only rebuilds its direct child (the builder function).

This can be useful for performance if only a small part of a large widget needs to react to state changes.

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import 'package:provider/provider.dart';

class MyCounter extends ChangeNotifier {
  int _count = 0;
  int get count => _count;
  void increment() {
    _count++;
    notifyListeners();
  }
}

void main() {
  runApp(
    ChangeNotifierProvider(
      create: (context) => MyCounter(),
      child: MyApp(),
    ),
  );
}

class MyApp extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return MaterialApp(
      home: Scaffold(
        appBar: AppBar(title: Text('Consumer Widget')),
        body: Center(
          child: Column(
            mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center,
            children: [
              Text(
                'This text does NOT rebuild.',
                style: TextStyle(fontSize: 20, color: Colors.grey),
              ),
              SizedBox(height: 20),
              // Only the Text widget inside Consumer rebuilds
              Consumer<MyCounter>(
                builder: (context, counter, child) {
                  print('Consumer rebuilt!'); // See this in console
                  return Text(
                    'Count: ${counter.count}',
                    style: TextStyle(fontSize: 32, fontWeight: FontWeight.bold),
                  );
                },
              ),
            ],
          ),
        ),
        floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
          onPressed: () {
            context.read<MyCounter>().increment();
          },
          child: Icon(Icons.add),
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

Providing Multiple States

For apps with multiple independent state objects, wrapping your app with many ChangeNotifierProviders can get messy. MultiProvider simplifies this.

It takes a list of providers, making your widget tree cleaner and easier to manage.

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import 'package:provider/provider.dart';

class MyCounter extends ChangeNotifier {
  int _count = 0;
  int get count => _count;
  void increment() {
    _count++;
    notifyListeners();
  }
}

class MyThemeSettings extends ChangeNotifier {
  bool _isDark = false;
  bool get isDark => _isDark;
  void toggleTheme() {
    _isDark = !_isDark;
    notifyListeners();
  }
}

void main() {
  runApp(
    MultiProvider( // Use MultiProvider for multiple states
      providers: [
        ChangeNotifierProvider(create: (context) => MyCounter()),
        ChangeNotifierProvider(create: (context) => MyThemeSettings()),
      ],
      child: MyApp(),
    ),
  );
}

class MyApp extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    // Access both states using watch
    final counter = context.watch<MyCounter>();
    final theme = context.watch<MyThemeSettings>();

    return MaterialApp(
      theme: theme.isDark ? ThemeData.dark() : ThemeData.light(),
      home: Scaffold(
        appBar: AppBar(title: Text('MultiProvider Demo')),
        body: Center(
          child: Column(
            mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center,
            children: [
              Text('Count: ${counter.count}', style: TextStyle(fontSize: 28)),
              SizedBox(height: 20),
              Text('Dark Mode: ${theme.isDark ? "On" : "Off"}', style: TextStyle(fontSize: 28)),
              SizedBox(height: 30),
              ElevatedButton(
                onPressed: () => context.read<MyThemeSettings>().toggleTheme(),
                child: Text('Toggle Theme'),
              ),
            ],
          ),
        ),
        floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
          onPressed: () => context.read<MyCounter>().increment(),
          child: Icon(Icons.add),
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

Provider Quick Check

Which of the following is the primary purpose of context.read() in the Provider package?

Provider Basics Recap

You've learned the essentials of the Provider package!

  • ChangeNotifier holds your application state.
  • ChangeNotifierProvider makes that state available.
  • context.watch() listens for state changes and rebuilds UI.
  • context.read() accesses state for actions without rebuilding.
  • Provider.of(listen: false) is an older alternative to read.
  • Consumer allows for fine-grained UI rebuilds.
  • MultiProvider helps manage multiple state objects cleanly.

Provider is a powerful and flexible tool for managing state in your Flutter apps!

常见问题解答

「Provider 软件包基础」课时是免费的吗？

是的 — 「Provider 软件包基础」的完整文本可在网页上免费阅读。要进行交互式练习（内置代码编辑器和全天候 AI 导师）并解锁 Flutter Mobile Development 课程的其余内容，请升级到 CoddyKit PRO。 Flutter Mobile Development 课程共包含 4 节课。

「Provider 软件包基础」这节课中我会学到什么？

学习使用 Provider 软件包这一流行的 Flutter 方案，在整个应用中实现简单且可扩展的状态管理。 你通过在浏览器中直接运行的动手代码来练习 Flutter Mobile Development，全天候 AI 导师会在你学习这节课的过程中回答你的问题。

学习 Flutter Mobile Development 需要有经验吗？

无需任何先前经验。CoddyKit 上的 Flutter Mobile Development 课程适合初学者到高级学习者，你可以从这里开始或从头开始，按照自己的节奏学习。 这是第 2 节课，共 4 节。

「Provider 软件包基础」课时需要多长时间？

大多数 CoddyKit 课程大约需要 5–10 分钟。每节课都很精短且互动，所以你能稳步进步，并在网页和应用中从离开的地方继续。

我能在这节 Flutter Mobile Development 课中编写并运行代码吗？

能。每节 Flutter Mobile Development 课都包含内置代码编辑器，你可以在浏览器中直接编写并运行真实代码，并获得即时 AI 反馈 — 无需本地设置。

此课程中的所有课时

  1. setState 与 InheritedWidget
  2. Provider 软件包基础
  3. 使用 Riverpod 管理状态
  4. 使用流的 BLoC 模式
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