编写精简的 Dockerfile 与 Shell 入口点

为什么精简的 Dockerfile 对 DevOps 很重要

多阶段 Dockerfile 的组成

# ---- Stage 0: builder ----
FROM golang:1.22-alpine AS builder
WORKDIR /src
COPY go.mod go.sum ./
RUN go mod download
COPY . .
RUN CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=linux go build -trimpath -ldflags='-s -w' -o /app/server ./cmd/server

# ---- Stage 1: runtime ----
FROM gcr.io/distroless/static-debian12
COPY --from=builder /app/server /server
ENTRYPOINT ["/server"]

减少层数与缓存失效

FROM python:3.12-slim AS builder
WORKDIR /app

# 1. Install deps first (cached until requirements change)
COPY requirements.txt .
RUN pip install --no-cache-dir --prefix=/install -r requirements.txt

# 2. Copy source (cache busted only when code changes)
COPY src/ ./src/

FROM python:3.12-slim
COPY --from=builder /install /usr/local
COPY --from=builder /app/src /app/src
WORKDIR /app
CMD ["python", "-m", "src.main"]

BuildKit 密钥与 SSH 转发

# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1
FROM node:20-alpine AS deps
WORKDIR /app
COPY package*.json ./

# Mount NPM token as a secret — never stored in the image
RUN --mount=type=secret,id=npm_token \
    NPM_TOKEN=$(cat /run/secrets/npm_token) \
    npm ci --prefer-offline

# Usage at build time:
# DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1 docker build \
#   --secret id=npm_token,src=~/.npmrc-token \
#   -t myapp:latest .

编写健壮的入口脚本适配层

#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -euo pipefail

# Step 2: validate required env vars
REQUIRED_VARS=(DATABASE_URL APP_SECRET PORT)
for var in "${REQUIRED_VARS[@]}"; do
  if [[ -z "${!var:-}" ]]; then
    echo "[entrypoint] ERROR: required env var '$var' is not set" >&2
    exit 1
  fi
done

# Step 3: template config (see next scene)

# Step 4: signal handling (see scene after that)

# Step 5: hand off to CMD
exec "$@"

使用 envsubst 生成配置模板

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Template: /etc/nginx/conf.d/app.conf.tmpl contains:
# server { listen ${NGINX_PORT}; server_name ${SERVER_NAME}; ... }

export NGINX_PORT=${NGINX_PORT:-8080}
export SERVER_NAME=${SERVER_NAME:-localhost}

envsubst '${NGINX_PORT} ${SERVER_NAME}' \
  < /etc/nginx/conf.d/app.conf.tmpl \
  > /etc/nginx/conf.d/app.conf

echo "[entrypoint] nginx config rendered:"
grep -E 'listen|server_name' /etc/nginx/conf.d/app.conf

exec "$@"

信号处理与平滑关闭

#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -euo pipefail

# Start main process in background
"$@" &
child=$!

# Forward SIGTERM and SIGINT to the child
trap 'echo "[entrypoint] caught SIGTERM, forwarding..."; kill -TERM "$child"' TERM
trap 'echo "[entrypoint] caught SIGINT, forwarding...";  kill -INT  "$child"' INT

# Wait for child to exit and capture its exit code
wait "$child"
exit $?

使用 tini 作为精简的初始化进程

FROM node:20-alpine

# Install tini for proper signal handling and zombie reaping
RUN apk add --no-cache tini

WORKDIR /app
COPY --chown=node:node . .
RUN npm ci --omit=dev

USER node

# tini wraps CMD; forwards SIGTERM and reaps zombies
ENTRYPOINT ["/sbin/tini", "--"]
CMD ["node", "server.js"]

以非根用户运行

FROM python:3.12-slim

# Create non-root user
RUN groupadd --gid 1001 appgroup && \
    useradd --uid 1001 --gid appgroup --shell /bin/bash --create-home appuser

WORKDIR /app

COPY requirements.txt .
RUN pip install --no-cache-dir -r requirements.txt

# Copy app files with correct ownership in a single layer
COPY --chown=appuser:appgroup src/ ./src/
COPY --chown=appuser:appgroup entrypoint.sh /entrypoint.sh
RUN chmod +x /entrypoint.sh

USER appuser

ENTRYPOINT ["/entrypoint.sh"]
CMD ["python", "-m", "src.main"]

镜像中的健康检查与就绪探针

FROM nginx:1.27-alpine

COPY nginx.conf /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
COPY dist/ /usr/share/nginx/html/

# Lightweight health check using bash TCP pseudo-device
# (no curl needed — works on any image with bash)
HEALTHCHECK --interval=15s --timeout=5s --start-period=10s --retries=3 \
  CMD bash -c 'exec 3<>/dev/tcp/localhost/80 && echo -e "GET /health HTTP/1.0\r\n" >&3 && cat <&3 | grep -q "200 OK"' || exit 1

EXPOSE 80

整合实践：生产级入口脚本

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# entrypoint.sh — production-grade container entrypoint shim
set -euo pipefail

# ── 1. Validate required environment variables ──────────────────
REQUIRED=(DATABASE_URL APP_SECRET PORT LOG_LEVEL)
for var in "${REQUIRED[@]}"; do
  [[ -n "${!var:-}" ]] || { echo "[entrypoint] FATAL: $var is not set" >&2; exit 1; }
done

# ── 2. Set safe defaults for optional variables ─────────────────
export HOST=${HOST:-0.0.0.0}
export WORKERS=${WORKERS:-2}

# ── 3. Render config template ───────────────────────────────────
if [[ -f /etc/app/app.conf.tmpl ]]; then
  envsubst '${DATABASE_URL} ${PORT} ${LOG_LEVEL} ${HOST}' \
    < /etc/app/app.conf.tmpl \
    > /etc/app/app.conf
  echo "[entrypoint] config rendered at /etc/app/app.conf"
fi

# ── 4. Wait for dependent services (optional, fast) ─────────────
if [[ -n "${WAIT_FOR_HOST:-}" ]]; then
  echo "[entrypoint] waiting for ${WAIT_FOR_HOST}:${WAIT_FOR_PORT:-5432}..."
  until bash -c "exec 3<>/dev/tcp/${WAIT_FOR_HOST}/${WAIT_FOR_PORT:-5432}" 2>/dev/null; do
    sleep 1
  done
  echo "[entrypoint] dependency ready"
fi

# ── 5. Hand off to CMD (PID 1 becomes the application) ──────────
echo "[entrypoint] starting: $*"
exec "$@"

知识检查：入口脚本中的信号处理

回顾：精简的 Dockerfile 与 Shell 入口脚本