输入验证与输出编码

输入为何危险

什么是输入验证？

# Server-side input validation examples:

# Validate username: allow only alphanumeric and underscore
# Pattern: ^[a-zA-Z0-9_]{3,20}$
# Reject: 'admin--', "' OR 1=1--", '<script>alert(1)</script>'

# Validate age: must be integer between 0 and 120
# Reject: -1, 999, 'abc', '18; DROP TABLE users'

# Validate email: match RFC 5322 pattern, max 254 chars
# Reject: 'a@b' (too short), attacker@evil.com<script>...

Allowlist 与 Denylist 验证

# Allowlist (GOOD): only allow expected characters
# username_pattern = '^[a-zA-Z0-9_]{3,20}$'
# If input does not match -> reject with 400 Bad Request

# Denylist (WEAK): try to block known-bad patterns
# reject_patterns = ["'", '--', 'UNION', 'SELECT', 'DROP']
# Problem: attacker uses: SE%00LECT, UNION%0aALL, encoded chars
# Denylist is incomplete by definition -> prefer allowlist

参数化查询可防止 SQL 注入

# VULNERABLE: string concatenation (SQL injection possible)
# query = 'SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = ' + user_input
# Attack: user_input = "' OR '1'='1" -> returns ALL users

# SAFE: parameterized query
# query = 'SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = ?'
# cursor.execute(query, (user_input,))
# The ? is a placeholder; user_input is passed separately
# The DB driver handles escaping automatically
# Attack input: "' OR '1'='1" -> treated as literal string

什么是输出编码？

HTML 输出编码可防止 XSS

# Without encoding (VULNERABLE to XSS):
# html = '<p>Hello, ' + username + '</p>'
# If username = '<script>document.cookie</script>'
# -> script executes in victim browser

# With HTML encoding (SAFE):
# html = '<p>Hello, ' + html_encode(username) + '</p>'
# html_encode('<script>...') -> '&lt;script&gt;...&lt;/script&gt;'
# -> Displays as text, not executable script

特定上下文的编码规则

# Context-aware encoding examples:

# HTML body context:
# safe_html = '<script>' (renders as text)

# URL parameter context:
# safe_url = 'search?q=hello%20world%26more'

# JavaScript string context (in JSON):
# safe_js = '{"name": "O\\u0027Reilly"}'

# Shell command (AVOID string concat - use array instead):
# UNSAFE: os.system('ping ' + user_input)
# SAFE:   subprocess.run(['ping', '-c', '1', user_input])

在多个层进行验证

文件上传验证

# File upload validation steps:
# 1. Check Content-Type header (client-provided, not trusted alone)
# 2. Read first bytes (magic bytes):
#    JPEG: FF D8 FF | PNG: 89 50 4E 47 | PDF: 25 50 44 46
# 3. Reject if magic bytes don't match expected type
# 4. Enforce max size: reject > 10MB
# 5. Strip original filename, assign random UUID filename
# 6. Store in /var/uploads/ (NOT /var/www/html/)
# 7. Serve via CDN or application route (not direct URL)

API 中的输入验证

# JSON Schema validation example:
# POST /api/register body schema:
# {
#   'type': 'object',
#   'required': ['username', 'email', 'password'],
#   'properties': {
#     'username': {'type': 'string', 'pattern': '^[a-zA-Z0-9_]{3,20}$'},
#     'email':    {'type': 'string', 'format': 'email', 'maxLength': 254},
#     'password': {'type': 'string', 'minLength': 12, 'maxLength': 128}
#   },
#   'additionalProperties': false
# }

错误消息与信息泄露

# UNSAFE: returning detailed database error to user
# Error: 'You have an error in your SQL syntax near ... at line 1'
# Reveals: database type (MySQL), partial query structure

# UNSAFE: stack trace in API response
# Error: 'java.sql.SQLException at com.company.UserDAO.findByName:47'
# Reveals: framework (Java), class names, line numbers

# SAFE: generic error response to client
# HTTP 400 Bad Request: { 'error': 'Invalid request parameters' }
# Server log (internal only): full exception with stack trace
# Monitoring: alert on high error rates -> investigate internally

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