跨模型负载均衡
将简单提示词路由到小型模型，将复杂提示词路由到大型模型。
跨模型负载均衡 是 CoddyKit 上的免费 AI Prompt Engineering 课时。 这是第 3 节课，共 4 节。 你可以在下方免费阅读本课时的完整内容 — 然后在浏览器中使用内置代码编辑器和全天候 AI 导师进行实践。 这是 AI Prompt Engineering 学习路径的一部分，你的进度在网页和 CoddyKit 应用中同步。 AI Prompt Engineering 课程共包含 4 节课。
为什么要在多个模型之间进行路由
并非每项任务都需要最强大（也最昂贵）的模型。简单的问候语不需要 GPT-4o。模型路由会将每个请求发送给能够妥善处理它的最低成本模型，在需要的地方保持质量，同时将成本降低 50%–90%。
基于复杂度的路由
在调用接口前先对任务复杂度进行分类。简单任务交给廉价模型，复杂任务交给能力更强的模型。轻量级分类器或启发式规则可以快速完成这一判断。
COMPLEXITY_CLASSIFIER_PROMPT = '''Classify the complexity of this user request.
Return ONLY one word: SIMPLE, MODERATE, or COMPLEX.
SIMPLE: greeting, factual lookup, single-step question, direct answer needed
MODERATE: multi-step explanation, comparison, short analysis, code snippet
COMPLEX: deep analysis, long code generation, reasoning chain, specialized domain
Request: {request}'''
import openai
client_mini = openai.OpenAI(api_key='YOUR_API_KEY')
def classify_complexity(request):
response = client_mini.chat.completions.create(
model='gpt-4o-mini', # always use cheap model for classifier
messages=[{'role': 'user', 'content':
COMPLEXITY_CLASSIFIER_PROMPT.format(request=request)}],
max_tokens=5,
temperature=0
)
label = response.choices[0].message.content.strip().upper()
if label not in ('SIMPLE', 'MODERATE', 'COMPLEX'):
label = 'MODERATE' # safe default
return label
for req in ['Hi', 'Explain quicksort', 'Design a distributed systems architecture']:
print(f'{req[:40]}: {classify_complexity(req)}')模型路由器类
模型路由器会将复杂度标签映射到模型，并据此路由每个请求。路由决策具有确定性，并基于可配置的阈值。
MODEL_ROUTES = {
'SIMPLE': {
'model': 'gpt-4o-mini',
'max_tokens': 300,
'cost_per_1k_input': 0.00015,
'use_case': 'greetings, FAQ, simple factual questions'
},
'MODERATE': {
'model': 'gpt-4o',
'max_tokens': 1500,
'cost_per_1k_input': 0.0025,
'use_case': 'explanations, analysis, code snippets'
},
'COMPLEX': {
'model': 'claude-opus-4-5',
'max_tokens': 4096,
'cost_per_1k_input': 0.015,
'use_case': 'deep reasoning, long code, specialized domains'
}
}
class ModelRouter:
def __init__(self):
self.routes = MODEL_ROUTES
self.call_counts = {k: 0 for k in MODEL_ROUTES}
def route(self, request, messages):
complexity = classify_complexity(request)
route = self.routes[complexity]
self.call_counts[complexity] += 1
print(f'Routing "{request[:40]}" -> {route["model"]} ({complexity})')
return route['model'], route['max_tokens']
def cost_report(self):
total = sum(self.call_counts.values())
for complexity, count in self.call_counts.items():
pct = count / total * 100 if total else 0
print(f'{complexity}: {count} calls ({pct:.0f}%)')成本感知路由
除了复杂度之外，成本感知路由还会考虑令牌预算、用户层级（免费用户与付费用户）以及每日支出上限，从而确保整个系统的成本可预测。
class CostAwareRouter(ModelRouter):
def __init__(self, daily_budget_usd=100.0):
super().__init__()
self.daily_budget = daily_budget_usd
self.daily_spent = 0.0
def estimate_cost(self, model, input_tokens, max_output_tokens):
route = next((r for r in self.routes.values() if r['model'] == model), None)
if not route:
return 0.0
return (
(input_tokens / 1000) * route['cost_per_1k_input'] +
(max_output_tokens / 1000) * route['cost_per_1k_input'] * 3
)
def route_with_budget(self, request, messages, user_tier='free'):
complexity = classify_complexity(request)
# Downgrade if budget is exhausted or user is on free tier
budget_remaining = self.daily_budget - self.daily_spent
if budget_remaining < 0.01 or user_tier == 'free':
complexity = 'SIMPLE' # downgrade to cheapest model
print('Budget constraint: routing to SIMPLE model')
route = self.routes[complexity]
input_tokens = sum(len(m['content'].split()) for m in messages) * 1.3
cost = self.estimate_cost(route['model'], input_tokens, route['max_tokens'])
self.daily_spent += cost
return route['model'], route['max_tokens']延迟感知路由
不同模型具有不同的延迟特征。在时间压力下（例如，具有 3 秒 SLA 的聊天机器人），即使模型能力较弱，也应路由到响应更快的模型。
import time
# Model latency profiles (approximate P95 values)
MODEL_LATENCY_P95 = {
'gpt-4o-mini': 1.5, # seconds
'gpt-4o': 4.0,
'claude-haiku-4-5': 1.2,
'claude-sonnet-4-5': 3.0,
'claude-opus-4-5': 6.0
}
SLA_LATENCY_BUDGET = 3.0 # seconds
def route_with_latency_constraint(complexity, sla_seconds=SLA_LATENCY_BUDGET):
route = MODEL_ROUTES[complexity]
p95_latency = MODEL_LATENCY_P95.get(route['model'], 5.0)
if p95_latency > sla_seconds:
# Find fastest model under SLA
affordable_models = [
(lat, m) for m, lat in MODEL_LATENCY_P95.items()
if lat <= sla_seconds
]
if affordable_models:
fastest = min(affordable_models)[1]
print(f'Latency constraint: downgrading from {route["model"]} to {fastest}')
return fastest
return route['model']
print('COMPLEX request under 3s SLA:', route_with_latency_constraint('COMPLEX'))能力感知路由
有些任务需要特定的模型能力：视觉理解、函数调用、长上下文或代码解释器。能力感知路由可以确保所选模型确实能够处理该任务。
MODEL_CAPABILITIES = {
'gpt-4o-mini': {
'vision': True,
'function_calling': True,
'context_window': 128000,
'code_interpreter': False
},
'gpt-4o': {
'vision': True,
'function_calling': True,
'context_window': 128000,
'code_interpreter': True
},
'claude-opus-4-5': {
'vision': True,
'function_calling': True,
'context_window': 200000,
'code_interpreter': False
}
}
def capability_aware_route(required_capabilities, context_length=0):
candidates = []
for model, caps in MODEL_CAPABILITIES.items():
if context_length > caps['context_window']:
continue
if all(caps.get(cap, False) for cap in required_capabilities):
candidates.append(model)
if not candidates:
raise ValueError(f'No model supports: {required_capabilities}')
# Among capable models, pick cheapest
cost_rank = ['gpt-4o-mini', 'claude-opus-4-5', 'gpt-4o']
for model in cost_rank:
if model in candidates:
return model
return candidates[0]
print(capability_aware_route(['vision', 'function_calling'], context_length=5000))回退链
回退链定义了主模型失败时尝试各个模型的顺序。即使个别提供商发生中断或出现速率限制问题，也能确保高可用性。
FALLBACK_CHAINS = {
'primary': 'claude-opus-4-5',
'fallback': 'gpt-4o',
'emergency': 'gpt-4o-mini'
}
def call_with_fallback(messages, chain=FALLBACK_CHAINS):
providers = [
('anthropic', chain['primary']),
('openai', chain['fallback']),
('openai', chain['emergency'])
]
for provider, model in providers:
try:
print(f'Trying {model}...')
if provider == 'anthropic':
import anthropic
ac = anthropic.Anthropic(api_key='YOUR_KEY')
resp = ac.messages.create(
model=model, max_tokens=500, messages=messages
)
return resp.content[0].text
else:
import openai
oc = openai.OpenAI(api_key='YOUR_KEY')
resp = oc.chat.completions.create(
model=model, messages=messages, max_tokens=500
)
return resp.choices[0].message.content
except Exception as e:
print(f'{model} failed: {e}. Trying next...')
raise RuntimeError('All models in fallback chain failed')记录路由决策
记录每次路由决策，并提供足够的上下文，以便进行审计、调整阈值并了解成本分布。这些数据对于持续优化路由逻辑至关重要。
import json
from datetime import datetime
ROUTING_LOG_FILE = 'routing_decisions.jsonl'
def log_routing_decision(request_id, request_text, complexity,
model_selected, cost_estimate, latency_ms,
user_tier='free'):
entry = {
'timestamp': datetime.utcnow().isoformat(),
'request_id': request_id,
'request_preview': request_text[:50],
'complexity': complexity,
'model': model_selected,
'cost_estimate_usd': round(cost_estimate, 6),
'latency_ms': round(latency_ms),
'user_tier': user_tier
}
with open(ROUTING_LOG_FILE, 'a') as f:
f.write(json.dumps(entry) + '\n')
# Analyze routing log to tune thresholds
def analyze_routing_log():
from collections import Counter
model_counts = Counter()
total_cost = 0.0
with open(ROUTING_LOG_FILE) as f:
for line in f:
e = json.loads(line)
model_counts[e['model']] += 1
total_cost += e['cost_estimate_usd']
print('Model distribution:', dict(model_counts))
print(f'Total estimated cost: ${total_cost:.4f}')在生产环境中对模型进行 A/B 测试
模型路由还可以实现 A/B 测试：将一定比例的流量发送到新模型，在全面上线前比较质量。结合监控，可以根据数据做出模型选择决策。
import random
class ABModelRouter:
def __init__(self, control_model, treatment_model, treatment_pct=10):
self.control = control_model
self.treatment = treatment_model
self.treatment_pct = treatment_pct
self.assignment_log = {} # request_id: 'control' | 'treatment'
def route(self, request_id):
if request_id in self.assignment_log:
# Sticky assignment: same user always gets same model
return self.assignment_log[request_id]
if random.random() * 100 < self.treatment_pct:
assignment = 'treatment'
model = self.treatment
else:
assignment = 'control'
model = self.control
self.assignment_log[request_id] = assignment
return model, assignment
# Usage
ab_router = ABModelRouter(
control_model='gpt-4o',
treatment_model='claude-opus-4-5',
treatment_pct=10 # 10% get new model
)
for user_id in range(5):
result = ab_router.route(f'user_{user_id}')
print(f'user_{user_id}: {result}')模型健康检查
将流量路由到某个模型前，应验证其是否能正确响应。健康检查会使用已知提示词向模型发送请求，并验证响应，以确认提供商可用。
import time
def health_check(model, provider='openai', timeout=5):
'''
Returns True if model is healthy, False if timed out or errored.
'''
test_prompt = 'Reply with exactly: OK'
try:
start = time.time()
if provider == 'openai':
import openai
client = openai.OpenAI(api_key='YOUR_API_KEY')
resp = client.chat.completions.create(
model=model,
messages=[{'role': 'user', 'content': test_prompt}],
max_tokens=5,
timeout=timeout
)
text = resp.choices[0].message.content.strip()
elif provider == 'anthropic':
import anthropic
client = anthropic.Anthropic(api_key='YOUR_API_KEY')
resp = client.messages.create(
model=model, max_tokens=5,
messages=[{'role': 'user', 'content': test_prompt}],
)
text = resp.content[0].text.strip()
latency = (time.time() - start) * 1000
healthy = 'ok' in text.lower()
print(f'{model}: {"HEALTHY" if healthy else "DEGRADED"} ({latency:.0f}ms)')
return healthy
except Exception as e:
print(f'{model}: UNHEALTHY ({e})')
return False
# Run health checks before routing critical traffic
# health_check('gpt-4o-mini', provider='openai')
# health_check('claude-haiku-4-5', provider='anthropic')成本影响分析
量化模型路由带来的成本节省。当流量中有 60% 为 SIMPLE、30% 为 MODERATE、10% 为 COMPLEX 时，与所有请求都使用最佳模型相比，智能路由可以将成本降低 70%–80%。
def cost_impact_analysis(daily_requests=10000):
# Traffic distribution
traffic = {'SIMPLE': 0.60, 'MODERATE': 0.30, 'COMPLEX': 0.10}
# Avg tokens per request (input + output)
avg_tokens = {'SIMPLE': 500, 'MODERATE': 2000, 'COMPLEX': 5000}
# Pricing per 1K tokens (blended input+output)
pricing = {'SIMPLE': 0.00030, 'MODERATE': 0.01000, 'COMPLEX': 0.04500}
premium_price = 0.04500 # if we used COMPLEX model for everything
routed_cost = 0.0
premium_cost = 0.0
for complexity, pct in traffic.items():
requests = daily_requests * pct
tokens = avg_tokens[complexity]
routed_cost += requests * (tokens / 1000) * pricing[complexity]
premium_cost += requests * (tokens / 1000) * premium_price
savings_pct = (1 - routed_cost / premium_cost) * 100
print(f'Daily requests: {daily_requests:,}')
print(f'With routing: ${routed_cost:,.2f}/day')
print(f'Without routing: ${premium_cost:,.2f}/day')
print(f'Savings: {savings_pct:.0f}% (${premium_cost - routed_cost:,.2f}/day)')
cost_impact_analysis()快速检查
用户询问：“嗨，您好吗？”您的模型路由器将其分类为 SIMPLE。为什么将该请求路由到 gpt-4o-mini 而不是 gpt-4o 是正确的决定？
模型路由总结
在多个模型之间进行负载均衡可以降低成本，并确保模型能力与任务匹配：
- 复杂度路由：将任务分类为 SIMPLE/MODERATE/COMPLEX，并路由到匹配的模型层级
- 成本感知路由：预算耗尽或用户属于免费层级时，降级使用模型
- 延迟感知路由：SLA 要求严格时使用更快的模型
- 能力路由：确保所选模型支持所需功能（视觉理解、函数调用）
- 回退链：主模型 → 回退模型 → 应急模型，以实现高可用性
- A/B 测试：在全面上线前，先对一部分流量测试新模型
- 成本影响：与始终使用最佳模型相比，路由可以将成本降低 70%–80%
常见问题解答
「跨模型负载均衡」课时是免费的吗？
是的 — 「跨模型负载均衡」的完整文本可在网页上免费阅读。要进行交互式练习（内置代码编辑器和全天候 AI 导师）并解锁 AI Prompt Engineering 课程的其余内容，请升级到 CoddyKit PRO。 AI Prompt Engineering 课程共包含 4 节课。
「跨模型负载均衡」这节课中我会学到什么？
将简单提示词路由到小型模型，将复杂提示词路由到大型模型。 你通过在浏览器中直接运行的动手代码来练习 AI Prompt Engineering，全天候 AI 导师会在你学习这节课的过程中回答你的问题。
学习 AI Prompt Engineering 需要有经验吗？
无需任何先前经验。CoddyKit 上的 AI Prompt Engineering 课程适合初学者到高级学习者，你可以从这里开始或从头开始，按照自己的节奏学习。 这是第 3 节课，共 4 节。
「跨模型负载均衡」课时需要多长时间？
大多数 CoddyKit 课程大约需要 5–10 分钟。每节课都很精短且互动，所以你能稳步进步，并在网页和应用中从离开的地方继续。
我能在这节 AI Prompt Engineering 课中编写并运行代码吗？
能。每节 AI Prompt Engineering 课都包含内置代码编辑器，你可以在浏览器中直接编写并运行真实代码，并获得即时 AI 反馈 — 无需本地设置。
此课程中的所有课时
- 提示词缓存策略
- 批处理与异步执行
- 跨模型负载均衡
- 提示词流程的监控与告警