วงจรชีวิตธุรกรรม

When you send a transaction, a lot happens behind the scenes before it becomes permanent.

This lesson walks through the full transaction lifecycle, from signing to inclusion in a block.

Your wallet assembles a transaction object containing the recipient, value, data, gas settings, and a nonce.

The wallet signs the transaction with your private key, producing a digital signature.

The signature proves you authorized it without ever revealing your private key. Anyone can verify it using your public address.

The signed transaction is broadcast to a node, which validates it and gossips it to peers across the network.

Within seconds, nodes everywhere know about your pending transaction.

Pending transactions wait in the mempool (memory pool) — a holding area for transactions not yet included in a block.

Validators pick from the mempool when building the next block.

A validator building a block selects transactions, usually favoring higher fee tips for more revenue.

Paying a higher tip can speed up inclusion, especially when the network is congested.

The validator executes the transaction on the EVM, updating account balances and contract state, consuming gas as it goes.

If it runs out of gas or hits an error, it reverts — but the gas spent is still consumed.

The executed transaction is packed into a new block along with others. The block is proposed and attested to by validators.

At this point your transaction has one confirmation.

As more blocks build on top, your transaction gains confirmations. On Ethereum PoS, it eventually becomes finalized and irreversible.

Now the transfer or contract call is permanently settled.

After execution, the network produces a transaction receipt recording status (success or revert), gas used, and any emitted events (logs).

Apps read receipts to confirm what actually happened on-chain.

A transaction is built, signed, broadcast, queued in the mempool, selected and executed by a validator, included in a block, and finally confirmed and finalized.

A receipt records the outcome.

You learned the stages:

• Build and sign with the private key
• Broadcast to the network
• Wait in the mempool
• Selected, executed, and included in a block
• Confirmed and finalized, with a receipt

Next: gas limits and fees.