การสร้างโมเดลหัวข้อด้วย LDA

การสร้างแบบจำลองหัวข้อคืออะไร

# LDA key assumptions:
# 1. Each document is a mixture of K topics
# 2. Each topic is a distribution over all vocabulary words
# 3. Words are generated by first picking a topic, then a word from that topic

# Example: K=2 topics in a corpus about tech and cooking
# Topic 1 (Tech):    neural(0.15) python(0.12) algorithm(0.10) ...
# Topic 2 (Cooking): recipe(0.14) flour(0.11) bake(0.10) ...

# A document about 'AI-generated recipes' might be:
# 70% Topic 1 (Tech) + 30% Topic 2 (Cooking)

cat('LDA parameters:\n')
cat('K = number of topics (you choose)\n')
cat('alpha = document-topic sparsity prior\n')
cat('beta  = topic-word sparsity prior\n')

DocumentTermMatrix จาก tm

library(tm)

# Build a corpus from raw text
docs <- c(
  'machine learning neural networks training algorithms',
  'deep learning gradient backpropagation optimizer',
  'python scikit numpy pandas machine learning',
  'database sql tables indexes queries joins',
  'relational schema normalization foreign primary',
  'nosql mongodb document store redis queries'
)

corpus <- Corpus(VectorSource(docs))
corpus <- tm_map(corpus, removePunctuation)
corpus <- tm_map(corpus, removeWords, stopwords('english'))
corpus <- tm_map(corpus, stripWhitespace)

dtm <- DocumentTermMatrix(corpus)
cat('DTM shape:', nrow(dtm), 'docs x', ncol(dtm), 'terms\n')
cat('Sparsity: ', round(tm::sparsity(dtm) * 100, 1), '%\n')

cast_dtm จาก tidytext

library(tidytext)
library(dplyr)

# Tidy corpus
corpus <- tibble::tibble(
  doc_id = c(rep(1, 3), rep(2, 3), rep(3, 3), rep(4, 3)),
  text   = c(
    'neural networks deep learning training',
    'gradient descent backpropagation optimizer',
    'machine learning algorithms classification',
    'database sql tables queries indexes',
    'relational schema normalization joins',
    'foreign primary key constraints transactions',
    'recipe bake flour butter oven',
    'cooking temperature simmer saute ingredients',
    'kitchen knife herbs spices garnish'
  )
)

dtm <- corpus |>
  unnest_tokens(word, text) |>
  anti_join(tidytext::stop_words, by = 'word') |>
  count(doc_id, word) |>
  cast_dtm(doc_id, word, n)

cat('DTM:', nrow(dtm), 'docs x', ncol(dtm), 'terms\n')

LDA(dtm, k = 5): การปรับแบบจำลอง

library(tidytext)
library(dplyr)
library(topicmodels)

# Build DTM
corpus <- tibble::tibble(
  doc_id = c(rep(1,3), rep(2,3), rep(3,3), rep(4,3), rep(5,3), rep(6,3)),
  text = c(
    'neural networks deep gradient','backpropagation training optimizer','learning model layers',
    'database sql queries indexes','relational tables joins foreign','schema normalization constraints',
    'recipe flour bake butter','cooking temperature oven simmer','kitchen knife herbs spices'
  )[rep(c(1,2,3,4,5,6), each=1)]
)

dtm <- corpus |>
  unnest_tokens(word, text) |>
  count(doc_id, word) |>
  cast_dtm(doc_id, word, n)

# Fit LDA with k=3 topics
lda_model <- LDA(dtm, k = 3, control = list(seed = 42))
cat('LDA model fitted: k=3 topics\n')
cat('Class:', class(lda_model), '\n')

tidy(lda, matrix = 'beta'): ความน่าจะเป็นหัวข้อต่อคำ

library(topicmodels)
library(tidytext)
library(dplyr)

# Using the built-in AssociatedPress dataset
data('AssociatedPress', package = 'topicmodels')

lda <- LDA(AssociatedPress[1:50, ], k = 4, control = list(seed = 1234))

# Per-word topic probabilities (beta)
beta_tbl <- tidy(lda, matrix = 'beta')
cat('Beta matrix rows:', nrow(beta_tbl), '\n')
cat('Columns:', names(beta_tbl), '\n')

# Top words per topic
top_terms <- beta_tbl |>
  group_by(topic) |>
  slice_max(beta, n = 5) |>
  ungroup()

cat('\nTop 5 words per topic:\n')
print(top_terms)

การแสดงคำของหัวข้อเป็นภาพ

library(topicmodels)
library(tidytext)
library(dplyr)
library(ggplot2)

data('AssociatedPress', package = 'topicmodels')
lda <- LDA(AssociatedPress[1:100, ], k = 4, control = list(seed = 42))

tidy(lda, matrix = 'beta') |>
  group_by(topic) |>
  slice_max(beta, n = 8) |>
  ungroup() |>
  mutate(term = reorder_within(term, beta, topic)) |>
  ggplot(aes(term, beta, fill = factor(topic))) +
    geom_col(show.legend = FALSE) +
    facet_wrap(~topic, scales = 'free') +
    scale_x_reordered() +
    coord_flip() +
    labs(x = NULL, y = 'Beta', title = 'Top Words per LDA Topic') +
    theme_minimal(base_size = 10)

tidy(lda, matrix = 'gamma'): ความน่าจะเป็นหัวข้อต่อเอกสาร

library(topicmodels)
library(tidytext)
library(dplyr)

data('AssociatedPress', package = 'topicmodels')
lda <- LDA(AssociatedPress[1:30, ], k = 3, control = list(seed = 99))

# Per-document topic proportions (gamma)
gamma_tbl <- tidy(lda, matrix = 'gamma')
cat('Gamma matrix rows:', nrow(gamma_tbl), '\n')

# Dominant topic per document
dominant_topic <- gamma_tbl |>
  group_by(document) |>
  slice_max(gamma, n = 1) |>
  ungroup()

cat('\nDominant topic per document (first 8):\n')
print(head(dominant_topic, 8))

การเลือก K: จำนวนหัวข้อ

library(topicmodels)
library(tidytext)

data('AssociatedPress', package = 'topicmodels')

# Evaluate perplexity for K = 2, 3, 4, 5
k_values <- 2:5
perplexities <- vapply(k_values, function(k) {
  model <- LDA(AssociatedPress[1:50, ], k = k,
               control = list(seed = 42))
  perplexity(model)
}, numeric(1))

results <- data.frame(k = k_values, perplexity = round(perplexities, 1))
cat('Perplexity by K:\n')
print(results)
cat('\nNote: lower perplexity = better fit to training data\n')

การตั้งชื่อหัวข้อ

library(topicmodels)
library(tidytext)
library(dplyr)

data('AssociatedPress', package = 'topicmodels')
lda <- LDA(AssociatedPress[1:100, ], k = 4, control = list(seed = 7))

# Top 5 words per topic for manual labelling
tidy(lda, matrix = 'beta') |>
  group_by(topic) |>
  slice_max(beta, n = 5) |>
  summarise(top_words = paste(term, collapse = ', ')) |>
  print()

# After inspecting top words, assign human-readable labels
topic_labels <- tibble::tibble(
  topic = 1:4,
  label = c('Politics', 'Economy', 'Sports', 'Science')  # your interpretation
)

cat('\nTopic labels assigned (example):\n')
print(topic_labels)

LDA กับคลังข้อความแบบกำหนดเอง

library(tidytext)
library(dplyr)
library(topicmodels)

# 9 documents across 3 latent topics
docs <- tibble::tibble(
  id   = 1:9,
  text = c(
    'machine learning neural deep training',
    'algorithm gradient backpropagation network',
    'python tensorflow keras model layers',
    'database sql relational tables queries',
    'joins indexes schema foreign primary',
    'transactions normalization constraints',
    'recipe ingredients bake flour butter',
    'cooking temperature simmer oven saute',
    'kitchen knife herbs spices garnish'
  )
)

dtm <- docs |>
  unnest_tokens(word, text) |>
  count(id, word) |>
  cast_dtm(id, word, n)

lda <- LDA(dtm, k = 3, control = list(seed = 123))

tidy(lda, 'beta') |>
  group_by(topic) |>
  slice_max(beta, n = 4) |>
  summarise(words = paste(term, collapse = ', ')) |>
  print()

ข้อจำกัดของ LDA

# LDA assumptions and limitations
limitations <- data.frame(
  Assumption = c(
    'Bag of words', 'Fixed K', 'Topic independence',
    'Static topics', 'No metadata'
  ),
  Alternative = c(
    'word2vec / BERT',
    'ldatuning for K selection',
    'CTM (Correlated Topic Model)',
    'DTM (Dynamic Topic Model)',
    'STM (Structural Topic Model)'
  )
)

print(limitations, row.names = FALSE)

ตรวจสอบความเข้าใจอย่างรวดเร็ว

ทบทวน: การสร้างแบบจำลองหัวข้อด้วย LDA

library(topicmodels)
library(tidytext)
library(dplyr)

data('AssociatedPress', package = 'topicmodels')
lda <- LDA(AssociatedPress[1:20, ], k = 2, control = list(seed = 1))

tidy(lda, 'beta') |>
  group_by(topic) |>
  slice_max(beta, n = 3) |>
  summarise(top_words = paste(term, collapse = ', ')) |>
  print()