พื้นฐานข้อความ: การต่อและความยาว

การต่อสตริงด้วย ..

local first = "Hello"
local second = "World"
print(first .. ", " .. second .. "!")  -- Hello, World!

-- Numbers auto-converted
local age = 30
print("Age: " .. age)   -- Age: 30

-- Bad: print("x" + "y")  ERROR: arithmetic on string

ตัวดำเนินการความยาว #

print(#"hello")        -- 5
print(#"")             -- 0
print(#"café")         -- 5 (c,a,f,é=2bytes)

local s = "Lua"
for i = 1, #s do
  io.write(string.byte(s, i) .. " ")
end
print()  -- 76 117 97

string.rep และ string.reverse

print(string.rep("ab", 3))       -- ababab
print(string.rep("ha", 3, "-"))  -- ha-ha-ha
print(string.rep("x", 0))        -- (empty)
print(string.reverse("hello"))   -- olleh
print(string.reverse("12345"))   -- 54321

string.upper และ string.lower

print(string.upper("hello"))     -- HELLO
print(string.lower("WORLD"))     -- world
print(string.upper("Lua 5.4!"))  -- LUA 5.4!

-- Case-insensitive comparison
local a = "Hello"
local b = "hello"
print(a:lower() == b:lower())    -- true

ไวยากรณ์เมธอดแบบโคลอน

local s = "  hello world  "
print(s:upper())         -- HELLO WORLD
print(s:len())           -- 15
print(s:rep(2, "|"))     -- same as string.rep(s,2,"|")

-- Chain calls
print(("lua"):upper():reverse())  -- AUL

สตริงที่เปลี่ยนแปลงไม่ได้

-- Efficient string building
local parts = {}
for i = 1, 5 do
  parts[i] = "item" .. i
end
local result = table.concat(parts, ", ")
print(result)  -- item1, item2, item3, item4, item5

-- Slow! Creates 5 intermediate strings:
-- local s = ""
-- for i = 1, 5 do s = s .. "item" .. i end

table.concat สำหรับการเชื่อมสตริง

local parts = {"one", "two", "three", "four"}
print(table.concat(parts, ", "))          -- one, two, three, four
print(table.concat(parts, " | ", 2, 3))  -- two | three

-- Building CSV
local row = {1, "Alice", 95, true}
-- Need tostring for non-string values:
for i, v in ipairs(row) do row[i] = tostring(v) end
print(table.concat(row, ","))

การเปรียบเทียบสตริง

print("abc" < "abd")    -- true
print("abc" < "abcd")   -- true (shorter)
print("Z" < "a")        -- true (Z=90, a=97)
print("10" < "9")       -- true (lexicographic!)
print(10 < 9)           -- false (numeric)

-- Sort strings case-insensitively
local words = {"Banana","apple","Cherry"}
table.sort(words, function(a,b) return a:lower()<b:lower() end)
print(table.concat(words,", "))

tostring และ tonumber

print(tostring(42))        -- 42
print(tostring(true))      -- true
print(tostring(nil))       -- nil
print(tostring({1,2}))     -- table: 0x...

print(tonumber("3.14"))    -- 3.14
print(tonumber("0xff"))    -- 255 (hex)
print(tonumber("11",2))    -- 3 (binary)
print(tonumber("abc"))     -- nil (invalid)

การทำ String Interning

local s1 = "hello"
local s2 = "hel" .. "lo"

-- Same content, interned to same object
print(s1 == s2)   -- true
print(#s1)        -- 5

-- Long strings may not be interned
-- They are still compared correctly by value
local long1 = string.rep("x", 1000)
local long2 = string.rep("x", 1000)
print(long1 == long2)  -- true

ตรวจสอบอย่างรวดเร็ว

สรุป: พื้นฐานสตริง