การซ้อนและรวมลำดับชั้น Sealed

การประกอบต้นไม้สถานะ

คลาสแบบปิดผนึกซ้อนกัน

sealed class UiState {
    object Loading : UiState()
    sealed class Loaded : UiState() {
        data class Success(val items: List<String>) : Loaded()
        data class Empty(val message: String) : Loaded()
    }
    data class Error(val msg: String) : UiState()
}
fun render(s: UiState) = when (s) {
    UiState.Loading -> "loading"
    is UiState.Loaded.Success -> "${s.items.size} items"
    is UiState.Loaded.Empty -> "empty: ${s.message}"
    is UiState.Error -> "err: ${s.msg}"
}
fun main() {
    println(render(UiState.Loaded.Success(listOf("a", "b"))))
}

อินเทอร์เฟซแบบปิดผนึกสำหรับส่วนผสม

sealed interface Authenticated
data class User(val id: Int) : Authenticated
object Guest
sealed interface Permission
object Read : Permission
object Write : Permission
fun describe(a: Authenticated, p: Permission): String = when {
    a is User && p is Write -> "user ${a.id} can write"
    a is User -> "user ${a.id} can read"
    else -> "?"
}
fun main() {
    println(describe(User(1), Write))
}

การรวมลำดับชั้น

sealed class Theme { object Light : Theme(); object Dark : Theme() }
sealed class Lang { object En : Lang(); object Tr : Lang() }
fun greet(theme: Theme, lang: Lang) = when {
    theme is Theme.Dark && lang is Lang.Tr -> "Karanlik Merhaba"
    theme is Theme.Light && lang is Lang.Tr -> "Aydinlik Merhaba"
    theme is Theme.Dark -> "Dark Hello"
    theme is Theme.Light -> "Light Hello"
    else -> "?"
}
fun main() {
    println(greet(Theme.Dark, Lang.Tr))
}

เครื่องจักรสถานะที่มีรูปแบบซ้อนกัน

sealed class Checkout {
    object Start : Checkout()
    sealed class Payment : Checkout() {
        object Pending : Payment()
        data class Failed(val reason: String) : Payment()
        object Captured : Payment()
    }
    object Shipped : Checkout()
    object Delivered : Checkout()
}
fun describe(c: Checkout) = when (c) {
    Checkout.Start -> "starting"
    Checkout.Payment.Pending -> "awaiting payment"
    is Checkout.Payment.Failed -> "payment failed: ${c.reason}"
    Checkout.Payment.Captured -> "paid"
    Checkout.Shipped -> "shipped"
    Checkout.Delivered -> "delivered"
}
fun main() {
    println(describe(Checkout.Payment.Failed("card declined")))
}

การนำลำดับชั้นแบบปิดผนึกกลับมาใช้ข้ามโมดูล

sealed interface Notification
data class Email(val to: String) : Notification
data class Sms(val phone: String) : Notification
fun send(n: Notification) = when (n) {
    is Email -> "sending email to ${n.to}"
    is Sms -> "texting ${n.phone}"
}
fun main() {
    println(send(Email("a@example.com")))
}

คุณสมบัติพื้นฐานร่วม

sealed class HttpResponse(val code: Int) {
    class Ok(val body: String) : HttpResponse(200)
    class NotFound(val path: String) : HttpResponse(404)
    class ServerError(val cause: String) : HttpResponse(500)
}
fun describe(r: HttpResponse) = "[${r.code}] " + when (r) {
    is HttpResponse.Ok -> r.body
    is HttpResponse.NotFound -> "not found: ${r.path}"
    is HttpResponse.ServerError -> "fail: ${r.cause}"
}
fun main() {
    println(describe(HttpResponse.Ok("hello")))
}

การจำลองต้นไม้แบบเวียนเกิด

sealed class Expr {
    data class Num(val value: Int) : Expr()
    data class Add(val left: Expr, val right: Expr) : Expr()
    data class Mul(val left: Expr, val right: Expr) : Expr()
}
fun eval(e: Expr): Int = when (e) {
    is Expr.Num -> e.value
    is Expr.Add -> eval(e.left) + eval(e.right)
    is Expr.Mul -> eval(e.left) * eval(e.right)
}
fun main() {
    val expr = Expr.Add(Expr.Num(3), Expr.Mul(Expr.Num(4), Expr.Num(5)))
    println(eval(expr)) // 23
}

การใช้ร่วมกับชนิดทั่วไป

sealed class ApiResult<out T> {
    data class Success<T>(val data: T) : ApiResult<T>()
    data class Failure(val message: String) : ApiResult<Nothing>()
}
fun handle(r: ApiResult<String>) = when (r) {
    is ApiResult.Success -> "got ${r.data}"
    is ApiResult.Failure -> "err: ${r.message}"
}
fun main() {
    println(handle(ApiResult.Success("hi")))
    println(handle(ApiResult.Failure("nope")))
}

รูปแบบที่ไม่ควรใช้: การซ้อนลึกเกินไป

sealed class Top {
    sealed class Mid : Top() {
        sealed class Deep : Mid() {
            object Leaf : Deep()
        }
    }
}
fun main() {
    val l = Top.Mid.Deep.Leaf
    println(l::class.simpleName)
}

การรวมด้วยการประกอบ

sealed class Loading { object Active : Loading(); object Idle : Loading() }
sealed class Auth { data class Signed(val id: Int) : Auth(); object Anon : Auth() }
data class AppState(val loading: Loading, val auth: Auth)
fun main() {
    val s = AppState(Loading.Active, Auth.Signed(1))
    println(s)
}

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