ชนิดข้อมูลอรรถประโยชน์: Partial, Required, Pick และ Omit

ชนิดยูทิลิตีในตัว

Partial<T>

interface User { name: string; email: string; age: number; }

function updateUser(id: string, changes: Partial<User>) {
  // changes.name is string | undefined
  // changes.email is string | undefined
}

updateUser('1', { name: 'Bob' }); // only update name

Required<T>

interface Config {
  host?: string;
  port?: number;
  debug?: boolean;
}

function validate(config: Required<Config>) {
  // All three are now required
  console.log(config.host, config.port, config.debug);
}

Pick<T, K>

interface User { id: number; name: string; email: string; password: string; }

type PublicUser = Pick<User, 'id' | 'name' | 'email'>;
// { id: number; name: string; email: string }
// password is excluded — safe to send to client

Omit<T, K>

type UserWithoutPassword = Omit<User, 'password'>;
// { id: number; name: string; email: string }

type CreateUserDto = Omit<User, 'id'>; // new users don't have an id yet

Readonly<T>

const config: Readonly<Config> = {
  host: 'localhost',
  port: 3000,
};
config.port = 8080; // Error: cannot assign to 'port' because it is read-only

Record<K, V>

type Role = 'admin' | 'editor' | 'viewer';
type Permissions = Record<Role, { canEdit: boolean; canDelete: boolean }>;

const perms: Permissions = {
  admin:  { canEdit: true,  canDelete: true  },
  editor: { canEdit: true,  canDelete: false },
  viewer: { canEdit: false, canDelete: false },
};

ReturnType<T> และ Parameters<T>

function fetchUser(id: number) {
  return { id, name: 'Alice' };
}

type UserResult = ReturnType<typeof fetchUser>; // { id: number; name: string }
type FetchParams = Parameters<typeof fetchUser>; // [id: number]

Awaited<T>

type UserResponse = Awaited<ReturnType<typeof fetchUser>>;
// Resolves both the function return and the Promise

async function load() { return { user: { name: 'Alice' } }; }
type Loaded = Awaited<ReturnType<typeof load>>; // { user: { name: string } }

Extract<T, U> และ Exclude<T, U>

type A = 'a' | 'b' | 'c' | 'd';
type BC = Extract<A, 'b' | 'c' | 'e'>; // 'b' | 'c'
type AD = Exclude<A, 'b' | 'c'>;       // 'a' | 'd'

// NonNullable removes null and undefined:
type T = string | null | undefined;
type NonNull = NonNullable<T>; // string

การประกอบชนิดยูทิลิตี

type UpdatePayload<T> = Partial<Omit<T, 'id' | 'createdAt'>>;
// Use for PATCH endpoints — omit immutable fields, make rest optional

function patch(id: string, data: UpdatePayload<User>) {
  // data can have any subset of mutable user fields
}

ตรวจสอบความเข้าใจ

สรุป: ชนิดยูทิลิตี