การใช้ REST API ด้วย curl และ jq ร่วมกัน

เหตุใด curl + jq จึงเป็นคู่หูทรงพลัง

กระบวนการต่อเนื่องพื้นฐานจาก curl ไปยัง jq

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Fetch a public endpoint and pretty-print the JSON
curl -s 'https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos/1' | jq '.'

# Extract just the title field as a plain string
curl -s 'https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos/1' | jq -r '.title'

การตั้งค่าส่วนหัวคำขอและส่งโทเค็นยืนยันตัวตน

#!/usr/bin/env bash
TOKEN="${GITHUB_TOKEN}"   # set in your shell environment
USER="octocat"

curl -s \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer ${TOKEN}" \
  -H "Accept: application/vnd.github+json" \
  "https://api.github.com/users/${USER}" \
| jq '{login: .login, repos: .public_repos, followers: .followers}'

การกรองอาร์เรย์ — .[] และ select()

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Fetch all todos and keep only the completed ones
curl -s 'https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos' \
| jq '[.[] | select(.completed == true) | {id, title}]'

# Count how many are completed
curl -s 'https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos' \
| jq '[.[] | select(.completed == true)] | length'

การดึงหลายฟิลด์ด้วย map()

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Reshape a posts list into id + title pairs
curl -s 'https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts' \
| jq 'map({id, title: .title[0:40]})'

# Output as CSV for import into a spreadsheet
curl -s 'https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts' \
| jq -r '.[] | [.id, .userId, .title] | @csv'

รูปแบบการแบ่งหน้า — วนซ้ำจนกว่าจะได้หน้าว่าง

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Paginate through jsonplaceholder posts (simulated: page stops at page 2
# because the API returns the full list regardless of ?_page, but the
# pattern is correct for real paginated APIs)

PAGE=1
PER_PAGE=10
OUTPUT="all_posts.json"
echo '[]' > "$OUTPUT"

while true; do
  RESPONSE=$(curl -s "https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts?_page=${PAGE}&_limit=${PER_PAGE}")
  COUNT=$(echo "$RESPONSE" | jq 'length')

  if [ "$COUNT" -eq 0 ]; then
    echo "No more pages. Stopping at page $((PAGE - 1))."
    break
  fi

  # Merge new items into the accumulated JSON array
  CURRENT=$(cat "$OUTPUT")
  echo "$CURRENT" "$RESPONSE" | jq -s '.[0] + .[1]' > "$OUTPUT"
  echo "Page $PAGE: fetched $COUNT items."
  PAGE=$((PAGE + 1))
done

echo "Total collected: $(jq 'length' "$OUTPUT")"

การแบ่งหน้าด้วยส่วนหัว Link (รูปแบบของ GitHub)

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Follow Link-header pagination (GitHub repos example)
# Requires GITHUB_TOKEN in environment
TOKEN="${GITHUB_TOKEN}"
NEXT_URL="https://api.github.com/users/torvalds/repos?per_page=5"
ALL_REPOS="[]"

while [ -n "$NEXT_URL" ]; do
  # Capture full response (headers + body) to a temp file
  TMPFILE=$(mktemp)
  curl -sD "$TMPFILE" \
    -H "Authorization: Bearer ${TOKEN}" \
    -H "Accept: application/vnd.github+json" \
    "$NEXT_URL" \
  | {
      BODY=$(cat)
      ALL_REPOS=$(echo "$ALL_REPOS" "$BODY" | jq -s '.[0] + .[1]')
      echo "$ALL_REPOS" > /tmp/repos_acc.json
    }

  # Extract next URL from Link header
  NEXT_URL=$(grep -i '^link:' "$TMPFILE" \
    | sed -E 's/.*<([^>]+)>; rel="next".*/\1/;t;d')
  rm -f "$TMPFILE"
done

echo "Total repos: $(jq 'length' /tmp/repos_acc.json)"

การเชื่อมคำขอ — ใช้ผลลัพธ์จากการเรียกหนึ่งเป็นอินพุตของอีกการเรียก

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Step 1: get all user IDs from the /users endpoint
# Step 2: for each user, fetch their posts and count them

curl -s 'https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/users' \
| jq -r '.[].id' \
| while read -r USER_ID; do
    POST_COUNT=$(curl -s "https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts?userId=${USER_ID}" \
                 | jq 'length')
    echo "User ${USER_ID}: ${POST_COUNT} posts"
    sleep 0.1   # be polite to the API
done

คำขอ POST — การส่งข้อมูล JSON

#!/usr/bin/env bash
TITLE="My New Post"
BODY_TEXT="Written via curl and jq."
USER_ID=1

# Build the JSON payload safely and POST it
RESPONSE=$(jq -n \
  --arg title   "$TITLE" \
  --arg body    "$BODY_TEXT" \
  --argjson userId "$USER_ID" \
  '{title: $title, body: $body, userId: $userId}' \
| curl -s \
    -X POST \
    -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
    -d @- \
    'https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts')

echo "Created post ID: $(echo "$RESPONSE" | jq '.id')"
echo "Full response:"
echo "$RESPONSE" | jq '.'

การจัดการข้อผิดพลาด — รหัสสถานะ HTTP และข้อผิดพลาดของ API

#!/usr/bin/env bash
API_URL='https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos/99999'
TMPBODY=$(mktemp)

HTTP_CODE=$(curl -s -o "$TMPBODY" -w '%{http_code}' "$API_URL")

if [ "$HTTP_CODE" -ge 200 ] && [ "$HTTP_CODE" -lt 300 ]; then
  echo "Success ($HTTP_CODE):"
  jq '.' "$TMPBODY"
elif [ "$HTTP_CODE" -eq 404 ]; then
  echo "Resource not found (404). Body:"
  jq '.' "$TMPBODY"
elif [ "$HTTP_CODE" -ge 500 ]; then
  echo "Server error ($HTTP_CODE). Retrying later."
else
  echo "Unexpected status: $HTTP_CODE"
  cat "$TMPBODY"
fi

rm -f "$TMPBODY"

การสร้างฟังก์ชันตัวช่วย API ที่นำกลับมาใช้ซ้ำได้

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# api_get <endpoint_path> <jq_filter>
# Returns filtered JSON or exits non-zero on error.
api_get() {
  local PATH_PART="$1"
  local JQ_FILTER="${2:-.}"
  local BASE_URL='https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com'
  local TMPBODY
  TMPBODY=$(mktemp)

  local HTTP_CODE
  HTTP_CODE=$(curl -s \
    -o "$TMPBODY" \
    -w '%{http_code}' \
    "${BASE_URL}${PATH_PART}")

  if [ "$HTTP_CODE" -lt 200 ] || [ "$HTTP_CODE" -ge 300 ]; then
    echo "[ERROR] HTTP $HTTP_CODE for ${PATH_PART}" >&2
    rm -f "$TMPBODY"
    return 1
  fi

  jq -r "$JQ_FILTER" "$TMPBODY"
  rm -f "$TMPBODY"
}

# Usage examples
api_get '/todos/1' '.title'
api_get '/posts?userId=1' '[.[] | .title]'
api_get '/users' '.[] | "\(.id) \(.name) <\(.email)>"'

ตรวจสอบความรู้: กลยุทธ์การแบ่งหน้า

สรุปบทเรียน: การเขียนสคริปต์ API ด้วย curl + jq