Типы записей: основы и синтаксис

Что такое типы записей

Позиционный синтаксис записей

// All in one line:
public record Point(double X, double Y);
public record Person(string FirstName, string LastName, int Age);

// Generated automatically:
// - Primary constructor: new Point(1.0, 2.0)
// - Deconstruct: var (x, y) = point;
// - Equality: p1 == p2 compares X and Y values
// - ToString: "Point { X = 1, Y = 2 }"

Записи и классы

var p1 = new Point(1, 2);
var p2 = new Point(1, 2);
var p3 = p1;

// Record: structural equality
Console.WriteLine(p1 == p2); // True — same values
Console.WriteLine(p1 == p3); // True — same values

// Compare with a class:
var c1 = new PointClass(1, 2);
var c2 = new PointClass(1, 2);
Console.WriteLine(c1 == c2); // False — different references

Структуры-записи

// Record struct: value type, stack-allocated
public record struct Color(byte R, byte G, byte B);

var red   = new Color(255, 0, 0);
var red2  = new Color(255, 0, 0);
Console.WriteLine(red == red2); // True — value equality

// Readonly record struct: fully immutable
public readonly record struct Coord(double Lat, double Lng);

Стандартное объявление записи с телом

public record Person(string FirstName, string LastName)
{
    // Computed property
    public string FullName => $"{FirstName} {LastName}";

    // Validation in constructor
    public Person : this(FirstName, LastName)
    {
        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(FirstName))
            throw new ArgumentException("FirstName required");
    }

    // Method
    public Person WithUpperCase() =>
        this with { FirstName = FirstName.ToUpper(), LastName = LastName.ToUpper() };
}

Наследование записей

public record Shape(string Color);
public record Circle(string Color, double Radius) : Shape(Color);
public record Rectangle(string Color, double Width, double Height) : Shape(Color);

var c1 = new Circle("red", 5.0);
var c2 = new Circle("red", 5.0);
var r1 = new Rectangle("red", 5.0, 3.0);

Console.WriteLine(c1 == c2); // True
Console.WriteLine(c1 == r1); // False — different types

Непозиционные свойства записей

public record Order
{
    public int Id { get; init; }
    public string CustomerName { get; init; } = "";
    public List<OrderLine> Lines { get; init; } = new();
    public DateTime CreatedAt { get; init; } = DateTime.UtcNow;
    public OrderStatus Status { get; init; } = OrderStatus.Pending;
}

// Initialization:
var order = new Order
{
    Id = 42,
    CustomerName = "Alice"
    // Other props use defaults
};

Деконструирование

public record Point(double X, double Y);

var p = new Point(3.0, 4.0);

// Deconstruction
var (x, y) = p;
Console.WriteLine($"x={x}, y={y}");

// In switch:
string Describe(Point pt) => pt switch
{
    (0, 0) => "Origin",
    (double x, 0) => $"On X-axis at {x}",
    (0, double y) => $"On Y-axis at {y}",
    var (px, py)  => $"Point ({px}, {py})"
};

Записи как DTO

// API request/response records
public record CreateProductRequest(
    string Name,
    decimal Price,
    int Stock);

public record ProductResponse(
    int Id,
    string Name,
    decimal Price,
    int Stock,
    DateTime CreatedAt);

// In controller:
app.MapPost("/products", (CreateProductRequest req, ProductService svc) =>
{
    var product = svc.Create(req.Name, req.Price, req.Stock);
    return Results.Created($"/products/{product.Id}",
        new ProductResponse(product.Id, product.Name,
                            product.Price, product.Stock,
                            product.CreatedAt));
});

Равенство записей в модульных тестах

[Fact]
public async Task CreateOrder_ReturnsCorrectResponse()
{
    var response = await _client.PostAsJsonAsync("/orders",
        new CreateOrderRequest(CustomerId: 1, ProductId: 5, Quantity: 2));

    var order = await response.Content.ReadFromJsonAsync<OrderResponse>();

    // Simple equality check — no custom IEqualityComparer needed!
    Assert.Equal(
        new OrderResponse(Id: order!.Id, Status: "Pending", Total: 99.98m),
        order);
}

Быстрая проверка

Повторение: основы типов записей