Создание первого минимального API

Что такое минимальные API

Самое простое минимальное API

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
var app = builder.Build();

app.MapGet("/", () => "Hello, Minimal API!");
app.MapGet("/ping", () => Results.Ok(new { status = "pong" }));

app.Run();
// That's it — no Startup.cs, no controllers

Типизированные результаты для корректных ответов HTTP

app.MapGet("/products/{id}", async (int id, AppDbContext db) =>
{
    var product = await db.Products.FindAsync(id);
    return product is null
        ? Results.NotFound()
        : Results.Ok(product);
});

app.MapPost("/products", async (Product product, AppDbContext db) =>
{
    db.Products.Add(product);
    await db.SaveChangesAsync();
    return Results.Created($"/products/{product.Id}", product);
});

Параметры маршрута и строки запроса

// Route param {id} + query param ?includeDeleted
app.MapGet("/orders/{id}", async (
    int id,
    bool includeDeleted = false,
    AppDbContext db) =>
{
    var query = db.Orders.AsQueryable();
    if (!includeDeleted) query = query.Where(o => !o.IsDeleted);
    var order = await query.FirstOrDefaultAsync(o => o.Id == id);
    return order is null ? Results.NotFound() : Results.Ok(order);
});

Внедрение зависимостей в обработчики маршрутов

builder.Services.AddScoped<ProductService>();

app.MapGet("/products", async (ProductService svc) =>
{
    var products = await svc.GetAllAsync();
    return Results.Ok(products);
});

app.MapDelete("/products/{id}", async (int id, ProductService svc) =>
{
    var deleted = await svc.DeleteAsync(id);
    return deleted ? Results.NoContent() : Results.NotFound();
});

Связывание тела запроса

record CreateProductRequest(string Name, decimal Price, int Stock);

app.MapPost("/products", async (
    CreateProductRequest req,
    ProductService svc) =>
{
    var product = await svc.CreateAsync(req.Name, req.Price, req.Stock);
    return TypedResults.Created($"/products/{product.Id}", product);
});

Возврат разных кодов состояния

app.MapPut("/products/{id}", async (int id, Product update, AppDbContext db) =>
{
    var existing = await db.Products.FindAsync(id);
    if (existing is null) return Results.NotFound();

    existing.Name  = update.Name;
    existing.Price = update.Price;
    await db.SaveChangesAsync();
    return Results.Ok(existing);
});

// Other useful Results:
// Results.BadRequest("message")
// Results.Conflict()
// Results.UnprocessableEntity(errors)
// Results.Accepted()

Добавление метаданных с помощью WithName и WithTags

app.MapGet("/products/{id}", GetProduct)
   .WithName("GetProductById")
   .WithTags("Products")
   .WithSummary("Retrieves a product by its ID")
   .Produces<Product>()
   .Produces(404);

static async Task<IResult> GetProduct(int id, AppDbContext db)
{
    var p = await db.Products.FindAsync(id);
    return p is null ? Results.NotFound() : Results.Ok(p);
}

Авторизация в минимальных API

builder.Services.AddAuthentication().AddJwtBearer();
builder.Services.AddAuthorization();

app.UseAuthentication();
app.UseAuthorization();

app.MapGet("/profile", (ClaimsPrincipal user) =>
    Results.Ok(user.Identity!.Name))
   .RequireAuthorization();

app.MapGet("/public", () => "No auth needed")
   .AllowAnonymous();

Организация с помощью статических методов

// Extension method groups endpoints by feature
public static class ProductEndpoints
{
    public static void MapProductEndpoints(this WebApplication app)
    {
        app.MapGet("/products",    GetAll);
        app.MapGet("/products/{id}", GetById);
        app.MapPost("/products",   Create);
    }

    private static async Task<IResult> GetAll(AppDbContext db)
        => Results.Ok(await db.Products.AsNoTracking().ToListAsync());

    // ... other handlers
}

// In Program.cs:
app.MapProductEndpoints();

Практический пример: полный CRUD для минимального API

app.MapGet("/todos", async (AppDbContext db) =>
    Results.Ok(await db.Todos.AsNoTracking().ToListAsync()));

app.MapGet("/todos/{id}", async (int id, AppDbContext db) =>
{
    var todo = await db.Todos.FindAsync(id);
    return todo is null ? Results.NotFound() : Results.Ok(todo);
});

app.MapPost("/todos", async (Todo todo, AppDbContext db) =>
{
    db.Todos.Add(todo);
    await db.SaveChangesAsync();
    return Results.Created($"/todos/{todo.Id}", todo);
});

app.MapDelete("/todos/{id}", async (int id, AppDbContext db) =>
{
    int n = await db.Todos.Where(t => t.Id == id).ExecuteDeleteAsync();
    return n > 0 ? Results.NoContent() : Results.NotFound();
});

Быстрая проверка

Итоги: создание первого минимального API