Scala for Backend Engineering & Functional Programming · Aula

Construtores inteligentes

Construção validada

Construtores inteligentes é uma aula grátis de Scala for Backend Engineering & Functional Programming no CoddyKit. Esta é a aula 2 de 4. Você pode ler a aula completa abaixo gratuitamente — depois pratica ao vivo no navegador com um editor de código integrado e um tutor de IA 24/7. Faz parte do caminho de aprendizado de Scala for Backend Engineering & Functional Programming, e seu progresso é sincronizado entre a web e o app CoddyKit. O curso de Scala for Backend Engineering & Functional Programming inclui 4 aulas no total.

Partes desta aula ainda não foram traduzidas e aparecem em inglês.

Validated Construction

A smart constructor is a factory that validates inputs before producing a value. It guarantees that any instance you hold satisfies the type's invariants.

The raw constructor is hidden.
Only validated creation is public.

class Age private (val value: Int)
object Age:
  def of(v: Int): Option[Age] =
    if v >= 0 then Some(new Age(v)) else None

object Main:
  def main(args: Array[String]): Unit =
    println(Age.of(30).map(_.value))

Private Constructor

Marking the primary constructor private stops callers from bypassing validation. The companion object becomes the single entry point.

class Percentage private (val value: Int)
object Percentage:
  def of(v: Int): Option[Percentage] =
    if v >= 0 && v <= 100 then Some(new Percentage(v)) else None

object Main:
  def main(args: Array[String]): Unit =
    println(Percentage.of(50).map(_.value))
    println(Percentage.of(150))

Returning Option

Returning Option signals that construction may fail. The caller must handle None, so invalid data never silently flows through.

class NonEmpty private (val value: String)
object NonEmpty:
  def of(s: String): Option[NonEmpty] =
    if s.nonEmpty then Some(new NonEmpty(s)) else None

object Main:
  def main(args: Array[String]): Unit =
    println(NonEmpty.of("").map(_.value))
    println(NonEmpty.of("hi").map(_.value))

Returning Either for Error Detail

When you want to explain why validation failed, return Either[Error, T]. The Left carries a descriptive message.

class Username private (val value: String)
object Username:
  def of(s: String): Either[String, Username] =
    if s.isEmpty then Left("empty")
    else if s.length > 10 then Left("too long")
    else Right(new Username(s))

object Main:
  def main(args: Array[String]): Unit =
    println(Username.of(""))
    println(Username.of("ada").map(_.value))

Smart Constructors with case class

A case class with a private constructor still works. Note its generated apply and copy must also be controlled, so define a custom factory and keep the constructor private.

case class Email private (value: String)
object Email:
  def of(s: String): Option[Email] =
    if s.contains("@") then Some(Email(s)) else None

object Main:
  def main(args: Array[String]): Unit =
    println(Email.of("a@b.com"))
    println(Email.of("bad"))

Chaining Validated Values

Because smart constructors return Option or Either, you can compose them with for comprehensions to build larger validated objects.

case class Name private (value: String)
object Name:
  def of(s: String): Option[Name] =
    if s.nonEmpty then Some(Name(s)) else None

case class Person(name: Name, age: Int)

object Main:
  def make(n: String): Option[Person] =
    for nm <- Name.of(n) yield Person(nm, 20)

  def main(args: Array[String]): Unit =
    println(Main.make("Bob"))

Normalizing Input

A smart constructor can also normalize data, for example trimming whitespace or lowercasing, so all instances share a canonical form.

case class Tag private (value: String)
object Tag:
  def of(s: String): Option[Tag] =
    val clean = s.trim.toLowerCase
    if clean.nonEmpty then Some(Tag(clean)) else None

object Main:
  def main(args: Array[String]): Unit =
    println(Tag.of("  Scala  "))

Invariants Hold Forever

Once a value passes the smart constructor, its invariant is guaranteed for its whole lifetime. Downstream code can trust the value without re-checking.

case class PositiveInt private (value: Int)
object PositiveInt:
  def of(n: Int): Option[PositiveInt] =
    if n > 0 then Some(PositiveInt(n)) else None

object Main:
  def doubleIt(p: PositiveInt): Int = p.value * 2 // always positive

  def main(args: Array[String]): Unit =
    PositiveInt.of(5).foreach(p => println(Main.doubleIt(p)))

Combining with Opaque Types

For zero-cost validated values, pair a smart constructor with an opaque type. No wrapper object is allocated, yet validation still gates construction.

object Domain:
  opaque type Score = Int
  def of(n: Int): Option[Score] =
    if n >= 0 && n <= 100 then Some(n) else None
  extension (s: Score) def value: Int = s

object Main:
  def main(args: Array[String]): Unit =
    println(Domain.of(88).map(_.value))

Multiple Validation Rules

Apply several checks in sequence. The first failing rule short-circuits, returning a clear error.

object Password:
  def of(s: String): Either[String, String] =
    if s.length < 8 then Left("too short")
    else if !s.exists(_.isDigit) then Left("need a digit")
    else Right(s)

object Main:
  def main(args: Array[String]): Unit =
    println(Password.of("abc"))
    println(Password.of("abcdef12"))

When to Use Smart Constructors

Use them whenever a type has invariants that raw construction could violate.

Bounded numbers, non-empty strings, formatted ids.
Return Option for simple yes/no, Either for reasons.
Keep the raw constructor private.

case class Port private (value: Int)
object Port:
  def of(n: Int): Option[Port] =
    if n >= 1 && n <= 65535 then Some(Port(n)) else None

object Main:
  def main(args: Array[String]): Unit =
    println(Port.of(8080))
    println(Port.of(70000))

Quick Check

Test your understanding of smart constructors.

Recap

You learned smart constructors.

Validate inputs in a companion factory.
Make the raw constructor private.
Return Option or Either to force handling of failure.
Optionally normalize input to a canonical form.
Invariants then hold for the value's whole lifetime.

case class Even private (value: Int)
object Even:
  def of(n: Int): Option[Even] =
    if n % 2 == 0 then Some(Even(n)) else None

object Main:
  def main(args: Array[String]): Unit =
    println(Even.of(4))
    println(Even.of(5))

Perguntas Frequentes

A aula “Construtores inteligentes” é grátis?

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O que vou aprender em “Construtores inteligentes”?

Construção validada Você pratica Scala for Backend Engineering & Functional Programming com código prático que executa diretamente no navegador, e um tutor de IA 24/7 responde suas dúvidas enquanto trabalha na aula.

Preciso ter experiência prévia para começar Scala for Backend Engineering & Functional Programming?

Nenhuma experiência prévia é necessária. Scala for Backend Engineering & Functional Programming no CoddyKit é estruturado para alunos iniciantes até avançados, então você pode começar aqui ou desde o início e aprender no seu ritmo. Esta é a aula 2 de 4.

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