Testes unitários com testthat

Por que fazer testes unitários?

Configurando o testthat

# usethis::use_testthat()
#
# Creates:
# tests/
#   testthat.R                  <- runner (do not edit)
#   testthat/
#     (empty — write test files here)
#
# Updates DESCRIPTION:
# Suggests: testthat (>= 3.0.0)
# Config/testthat/edition: 3

Criando um arquivo de testes

# usethis::use_test('add')  # creates tests/testthat/test-add.R
#
# Content of test-add.R:
# test_that('add() returns correct sum', {
#   expect_equal(add(1, 2), 3)
#   expect_equal(add(-1, 1), 0)
#   expect_equal(add(0.1, 0.2), 0.3, tolerance = 1e-7)
# })

Estrutura de test_that()

# Good test_that descriptions:
# test_that('add() handles negative numbers', { ... })
# test_that('add() recycles length-1 vectors', { ... })
# test_that('add() returns NA when input contains NA', { ... })
#
# Bad (too vague):
# test_that('it works', { ... })
# test_that('test1', { ... })

expect_equal() e expect_identical()

# test_that('add() adds correctly', {
#   expect_equal(add(1, 2), 3)            # numeric equality
#   expect_equal(add(0.1, 0.2), 0.3)     # tolerance handles floating point
#   expect_identical(add(1L, 2L), 3L)    # exact type match: integer
#   expect_identical(add(1.0, 2.0), 3.0) # exact type match: double
# })

expect_error() e expect_warning()

# test_that('add() validates input types', {
#   expect_error(
#     add('a', 2),
#     regexp = 'numeric'   # message must contain 'numeric'
#   )
#   expect_error(
#     add(NULL, 1),
#     regexp = 'numeric'
#   )
# })
#
# test_that('sqrt() warns on negative input', {
#   expect_warning(sqrt(-1))
# })

expect_true() e expect_false()

# test_that('is_positive() returns correct logical', {
#   expect_true(is_positive(5))
#   expect_true(is_positive(0.001))
#   expect_false(is_positive(0))
#   expect_false(is_positive(-3))
# })
#
# # Also useful for vector tests:
# test_that('add() result has correct length', {
#   result <- add(c(1,2,3), c(4,5,6))
#   expect_true(length(result) == 3)
# })

Mais funções de expectativa

# test_that('add() output has correct type and length', {
#   result <- add(c(1.0, 2.0), c(3.0, 4.0))
#   expect_type(result, 'double')
#   expect_length(result, 2)
# })
#
# test_that('summary_stats() returns a data frame', {
#   result <- summary_stats(rnorm(100))
#   expect_s3_class(result, 'data.frame')
# })

Executando testes com devtools::test()

# devtools::test()
#
# Example output:
# == Testing mypackage ====================================
# v | OK F W S | Context
# v |  3       | add [0.1s]
# v |  4       | subtract [0.1s]
# x |  2 1     | multiply [0.2s]
# -- Failure (test-multiply.R:5): multiply() handles zero
# multiply(5, 0) not equal to 0.
# Actual:   5
# Expected: 0
# ==========================================================
# [ FAIL 1 | WARN 0 | SKIP 0 | PASS 9 ]

Cobertura de testes com covr

# library(covr)
# cov <- package_coverage()
# print(cov)
#
# Example output:
# mypackage Coverage: 87.50%
# R/add.R:      100.00%
# R/subtract.R: 100.00%
# R/utils.R:     62.50%  <- needs more tests!
#
# covr::report()  # interactive HTML report
# covr::zero_coverage(cov)  # list uncovered lines

Testando casos extremos

# test_that('add() handles edge cases', {
#   expect_equal(add(numeric(0), numeric(0)), numeric(0))  # empty
#   expect_true(is.na(add(NA, 1)))                        # NA propagation
#   expect_equal(add(1, c(1,2,3)), c(2,3,4))              # recycling
#   expect_equal(add(.Machine$integer.max, 0L),           # boundary
#               .Machine$integer.max)
# })

Verificação rápida: expect_error()

Recapitulação de testes unitários