Records no design orientado a domínios

DDD e Objetos de Valor

Objetos de Valor como Registros

// Value objects — defined by their values, not identity
public record Money(decimal Amount, string Currency);
public record Email(string Value);
public record PhoneNumber(string CountryCode, string Number);
public record Address(string Street, string City, string Country, string PostalCode);

// Two Money objects with same values are equal:
var price = new Money(99.99m, "USD");
var same  = new Money(99.99m, "USD");
Console.WriteLine(price == same); // True

Validação nos Construtores de Objetos de Valor

public record Email(string Value)
{
    // Compact constructor for validation
    public Email : this(Value)
    {
        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(Value) || !Value.Contains('@'))
            throw new ArgumentException("Invalid email address", nameof(Value));
        Value = Value.Trim().ToLowerInvariant();
    }
}

// Usage:
var email = new Email("  Alice@Example.COM  "); // normalized to alice@example.com
new Email("not-an-email"); // throws ArgumentException

Entidades vs. Objetos de Valor

// ENTITY: has identity, mutable state
public class Customer
{
    public Guid Id { get; } = Guid.NewGuid();
    public string Name { get; set; } = "";
    public Email Email { get; set; } = default!; // value object
}

// VALUE OBJECT: no identity, immutable
public record Email(string Value);
public record Money(decimal Amount, string Currency);

// Two customers with same name are DIFFERENT entities
// Two Money(100, "USD") are the SAME value

Objetos de Valor Ricos com Métodos de Domínio

public record Money(decimal Amount, string Currency)
{
    public Money Add(Money other)
    {
        if (Currency != other.Currency)
            throw new DomainException("Cannot add different currencies");
        return this with { Amount = Amount + other.Amount };
    }

    public Money Subtract(Money other) =>
        Amount >= other.Amount
            ? this with { Amount = Amount - other.Amount }
            : throw new DomainException("Insufficient funds");

    public Money ApplyDiscount(decimal percent) =>
        this with { Amount = Amount * (1 - percent / 100) };

    public static Money Zero(string currency) => new(0, currency);
}

Eventos de Domínio como Registros

// Domain events as records
public abstract record DomainEvent(DateTime OccurredAt);

public record OrderPlaced(
    Guid OrderId,
    Guid CustomerId,
    Money Total,
    DateTime OccurredAt) : DomainEvent(OccurredAt);

public record OrderShipped(
    Guid OrderId,
    string TrackingNumber,
    DateTime OccurredAt) : DomainEvent(OccurredAt);

public record PaymentReceived(
    Guid OrderId,
    Money Amount,
    DateTime OccurredAt) : DomainEvent(OccurredAt);

DTOs e Contratos de API como Registros

// Request DTOs
public record CreateOrderCommand(
    Guid CustomerId,
    IReadOnlyList<OrderLineDto> Lines);

public record OrderLineDto(Guid ProductId, int Quantity);

// Response DTOs
public record OrderCreatedResponse(
    Guid OrderId,
    string Status,
    decimal Total,
    DateTime CreatedAt);

// These can be compared in tests by value:
var expected = new OrderCreatedResponse(id, "Pending", 99m, now);
Assert.Equal(expected, actual);

Armazenando Objetos de Valor no EF Core

public class Order
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public Money Total { get; set; } = new(0, "USD");
    public Address ShipTo { get; set; } = default!;
}

// EF Core config:
modelBuilder.Entity<Order>(e =>
{
    e.OwnsOne(o => o.Total, money =>
    {
        money.Property(m => m.Amount).HasColumnType("decimal(18,2)");
        money.Property(m => m.Currency).HasMaxLength(3);
    });
    e.OwnsOne(o => o.ShipTo);
});

Raiz do Agregado com Objetos de Valor

public class Order
{
    private readonly List<DomainEvent> _events = new();
    public IReadOnlyList<DomainEvent> DomainEvents => _events;

    public Guid Id { get; } = Guid.NewGuid();
    public Address ShipTo { get; private set; } = default!; // value obj
    public Money Total { get; private set; } = Money.Zero("USD");

    public void PlaceOrder(Address shipTo, IEnumerable<OrderLine> lines)
    {
        ShipTo = shipTo;
        Total  = lines.Aggregate(Money.Zero("USD"),
            (acc, l) => acc.Add(l.Price));
        _events.Add(new OrderPlaced(Id, CustomerId, Total, DateTime.UtcNow));
    }
}

Na Prática: Identificadores com Tipos Seguros

// Strongly typed IDs — can't confuse CustomerId with OrderId
public record CustomerId(Guid Value)
{
    public static CustomerId New() => new(Guid.NewGuid());
    public static implicit operator Guid(CustomerId id) => id.Value;
}

public record OrderId(Guid Value)
{
    public static OrderId New() => new(Guid.NewGuid());
}

// Type safety:
void ShipOrder(OrderId orderId, CustomerId customerId) { }

ShipOrder(OrderId.New(), CustomerId.New()); // OK
ShipOrder(CustomerId.New(), OrderId.New()); // COMPILE ERROR!

Verificação Rápida

Recapitulação: Registros no Desenvolvimento Orientado ao Domínio