Odczytywanie kontekstu żądania za pomocą dekoratorów parametrów
Utwórz niestandardowe dekoratory parametrów @CurrentUser i @ClientIp za pomocą createParamDecorator i ExecutionContext
Odczytywanie kontekstu żądania za pomocą dekoratorów parametrów to bezpłatna lekcja NestJS Enterprise Backend APIs na CoddyKit. To lekcja 1 z 4. Możesz przeczytać całą lekcję poniżej za darmo — a potem ćwiczyć ją interaktywnie w przeglądarce z wbudowanym edytorem kodu i tutorem AI dostępnym 24/7. To część ścieżki edukacyjnej NestJS Enterprise Backend APIs, a Twój postęp synchronizuje się między webem a aplikacją CoddyKit. Kurs NestJS Enterprise Backend APIs zawiera 4 lekcji w sumie.
Części tej lekcji nie zostały jeszcze przetłumaczone i są wyświetlane po angielsku.
Why Param Decorators?
In NestJS controllers, you often need to pull the same piece of data out of the request over and over: the authenticated user, the client IP, a tenant id from a header. Doing this with @Req() and digging into request.user in every handler is repetitive and leaks framework details into your business logic.
Custom param decorators let you encapsulate that extraction once and reuse it everywhere:
@CurrentUser()instead ofreq.user@ClientIp()instead of parsingx-forwarded-for
The result is cleaner, more testable, and more declarative controller code.
The Repetitive Way
Here is what you usually start with: grabbing the whole request object and reaching into it manually. It works, but every handler repeats the same lines, and the controller now knows about request.user, which is an implementation detail of your auth guard.
Notice how the actual route logic is buried under plumbing. This is exactly what a param decorator removes.
import { Controller, Get, Req } from '@nestjs/common';
import { Request } from 'express';
@Controller('profile')
export class ProfileController {
@Get()
getProfile(@Req() request: Request) {
const user = (request as any).user;
return { id: user.id, email: user.email };
}
}createParamDecorator
NestJS exposes the factory createParamDecorator from @nestjs/common. You give it a function that receives two arguments and returns whatever value you want injected into the handler parameter.
- data — the optional argument passed when the decorator is used, e.g.
@CurrentUser('email'). - ctx: ExecutionContext — a wrapper around the current request context, independent of the transport (HTTP, RPC, WebSocket).
The returned value becomes the parameter's value at call time.
import { createParamDecorator, ExecutionContext } from '@nestjs/common';
export const Example = createParamDecorator(
(data: unknown, ctx: ExecutionContext) => {
// return any value -> it gets injected into the param
return 'hello';
},
);Getting the HTTP Request
For HTTP apps you convert the generic ExecutionContext into an HTTP-specific argument host and read the request from it:
ctx.switchToHttp()returns anHttpArgumentsHost..getRequest()gives you the underlying request (Express or Fastify).
Using switchToHttp() keeps the decorator explicit about which transport it targets. The same context could also be switched to RPC or WS for other protocols.
import { createParamDecorator, ExecutionContext } from '@nestjs/common';
import { Request } from 'express';
export const RawRequest = createParamDecorator(
(data: unknown, ctx: ExecutionContext): Request => {
return ctx.switchToHttp().getRequest<Request>();
},
);Building @CurrentUser
Assume an auth guard (e.g. a JWT strategy) has already attached the authenticated user to request.user. The @CurrentUser() decorator simply returns it.
This is the canonical pattern in enterprise NestJS apps: the guard does authentication, and the decorator gives ergonomic access to the result without exposing the request object.
import { createParamDecorator, ExecutionContext } from '@nestjs/common';
export interface AuthUser {
id: string;
email: string;
roles: string[];
}
export const CurrentUser = createParamDecorator(
(data: unknown, ctx: ExecutionContext): AuthUser => {
const request = ctx.switchToHttp().getRequest();
return request.user;
},
);Using the data Argument
The first parameter, data, is what the caller passes inside the decorator's parentheses. You can use it to return a single property instead of the whole object:
@CurrentUser()returns the full user.@CurrentUser('email')returns just the email.
Type the data argument as keyof AuthUser so the caller gets autocomplete and compile-time safety on the property name.
import { createParamDecorator, ExecutionContext } from '@nestjs/common';
import { AuthUser } from './auth-user.interface';
export const CurrentUser = createParamDecorator(
(data: keyof AuthUser | undefined, ctx: ExecutionContext) => {
const request = ctx.switchToHttp().getRequest();
const user: AuthUser = request.user;
return data ? user?.[data] : user;
},
);Consuming @CurrentUser in a Controller
Now the controller reads beautifully. The guard guarantees the user exists; the decorator injects exactly what each handler needs. No @Req(), no manual property digging.
This separation is what makes the handler easy to unit-test: you just call the method with a plain user object.
import { Controller, Get, UseGuards } from '@nestjs/common';
import { JwtAuthGuard } from './jwt-auth.guard';
import { CurrentUser } from './current-user.decorator';
import { AuthUser } from './auth-user.interface';
@UseGuards(JwtAuthGuard)
@Controller('me')
export class MeController {
@Get()
getMe(@CurrentUser() user: AuthUser) {
return user;
}
@Get('email')
getEmail(@CurrentUser('email') email: string) {
return { email };
}
}Building @ClientIp
Behind a load balancer or reverse proxy, the real client IP is not request.ip but the first entry of the x-forwarded-for header. A @ClientIp() decorator centralizes this logic so every handler reads the correct address.
Important: only trust x-forwarded-for when you actually run behind a trusted proxy, and enable Express's trust proxy setting. Otherwise clients can spoof the header.
import { createParamDecorator, ExecutionContext } from '@nestjs/common';
import { Request } from 'express';
export const ClientIp = createParamDecorator(
(data: unknown, ctx: ExecutionContext): string => {
const request = ctx.switchToHttp().getRequest<Request>();
const forwarded = request.headers['x-forwarded-for'];
if (typeof forwarded === 'string' && forwarded.length > 0) {
return forwarded.split(',')[0].trim();
}
return request.ip ?? '';
},
);Pure Extraction Logic Is Testable
The valuable part of a param decorator is its pure extraction logic. You can lift that into a plain function, unit-test it with a fake request, and call it from the decorator. Here is the IP-parsing logic as a standalone, runnable program.
This demonstrates the rule for choosing the first forwarded address and the fallback behavior — no NestJS or server required to verify it.
function extractClientIp(headers: Record<string, string>, fallbackIp: string): string {
const forwarded = headers['x-forwarded-for'];
if (typeof forwarded === 'string' && forwarded.length > 0) {
return forwarded.split(',')[0].trim();
}
return fallbackIp;
}
console.log(extractClientIp({ 'x-forwarded-for': '203.0.113.7, 70.41.3.18' }, '10.0.0.1'));
console.log(extractClientIp({}, '10.0.0.1'));
console.log(extractClientIp({ 'x-forwarded-for': '198.51.100.5' }, '10.0.0.1'));Combining Decorators in One Handler
Param decorators compose freely. A single handler can mix built-in decorators (@Body, @Param) with your custom ones. NestJS resolves each parameter independently by its decorator metadata.
Here an audit endpoint records who did what and from where, reading the user and IP declaratively.
import { Controller, Post, Body, UseGuards } from '@nestjs/common';
import { JwtAuthGuard } from './jwt-auth.guard';
import { CurrentUser } from './current-user.decorator';
import { ClientIp } from './client-ip.decorator';
import { AuthUser } from './auth-user.interface';
@UseGuards(JwtAuthGuard)
@Controller('audit')
export class AuditController {
@Post('action')
record(
@CurrentUser('id') userId: string,
@ClientIp() ip: string,
@Body() body: { action: string },
) {
return { userId, ip, action: body.action, at: new Date().toISOString() };
}
}Validation and Pipes Still Apply
A custom param decorator returns a raw value, so you can still attach pipes to it just like built-in decorators. Pass a pipe as an extra argument when using the decorator.
@CurrentUser('id', ParseUUIDPipe)validates that the extracted id is a UUID.- Pipes run after the decorator factory returns its value.
This lets you keep extraction and validation cleanly separated while still benefiting from NestJS's pipe pipeline.
import { Controller, Get, ParseUUIDPipe } from '@nestjs/common';
import { CurrentUser } from './current-user.decorator';
@Controller('orders')
export class OrdersController {
@Get('mine')
myOrders(@CurrentUser('id', ParseUUIDPipe) userId: string) {
return { userId };
}
}Quick Check
Test your understanding of how a custom param decorator reads the request.
Recap
You learned to read request context declaratively with custom param decorators:
- createParamDecorator((data, ctx) => ...) builds a reusable decorator; the returned value is injected into the handler parameter.
- ctx.switchToHttp().getRequest() retrieves the HTTP request in a transport-explicit way.
- @CurrentUser() wraps
request.user(populated by your auth guard) and can return a single property via thedataargument typed askeyof AuthUser. - @ClientIp() centralizes
x-forwarded-forparsing, with a fallback torequest.ip— trust the header only behind a real proxy. - Keep extraction logic pure so it is easy to unit-test, and remember you can still chain pipes like
ParseUUIDPipeonto your custom decorators.
Często zadawane pytania
Czy lekcja „Odczytywanie kontekstu żądania za pomocą dekoratorów parametrów” jest bezpłatna?
Tak — pełny tekst „Odczytywanie kontekstu żądania za pomocą dekoratorów parametrów” jest dostępny za darmo tutaj w sieci. Aby ćwiczyć ją interaktywnie (wbudowany edytor kodu i tutor AI dostępny 24/7) i odblokować resztę kursu NestJS Enterprise Backend APIs, przejdź na CoddyKit PRO. Kurs NestJS Enterprise Backend APIs zawiera 4 lekcji w sumie.
Co nauczysz się w „Odczytywanie kontekstu żądania za pomocą dekoratorów parametrów”?
Utwórz niestandardowe dekoratory parametrów @CurrentUser i @ClientIp za pomocą createParamDecorator i ExecutionContext Ćwiczysz NestJS Enterprise Backend APIs z praktycznym kodem, który uruchamiasz bezpośrednio w przeglądarce, a tutor AI dostępny 24/7 odpowiada na Twoje pytania podczas pracy nad lekcją.
Czy potrzebuję doświadczenia, aby zacząć NestJS Enterprise Backend APIs?
Nie wymagamy żadnego doświadczenia. NestJS Enterprise Backend APIs w CoddyKit jest strukturyzowany dla początkujących i zaawansowanych użytkowników, więc możesz zacząć tutaj lub od początku i uczyć się w swoim tempie. To lekcja 1 z 4.
Ile czasu zajmuje lekcja „Odczytywanie kontekstu żądania za pomocą dekoratorów parametrów”?
Większość lekcji CoddyKit trwa około 5–10 minut. Każda lekcja to mały, interaktywny krok, dzięki czemu robisz systematyczne postępy i zawsze wracasz dokładnie do tego samego miejsca — na webie i w aplikacji.
Czy mogę pisać i uruchamiać kod w tej lekcji NestJS Enterprise Backend APIs?
Tak. Każda lekcja NestJS Enterprise Backend APIs zawiera wbudowany edytor kodu, więc piszesz i uruchamiasz prawdziwy kod bezpośrednio w przeglądarce i od razu otrzymujesz sprzężenie zwrotne od AI — bez konfiguracji na komputerze.
Wszystkie lekcje w tym kursie
- Odczytywanie kontekstu żądania za pomocą dekoratorów parametrów
- Dołączanie metadanych za pomocą SetMetadata i Reflector
- Komponowanie dekoratorów za pomocą applyDecorators
- Dekoratory klas do konfiguracji przekrojowej