ctypes: Memanggil Pustaka C daripada Python

import ctypes

# Load the C standard library
libc = ctypes.CDLL("libc.so.6")   # Linux
# libc = ctypes.CDLL("libSystem.dylib")  # macOS

libc.puts(b"Hello from C!")

import ctypes

# Platform-independent approach:
import ctypes.util
libm_name = ctypes.util.find_library("m")
libm = ctypes.CDLL(libm_name)

result = libm.sqrt
result.restype = ctypes.c_double
result.argtypes = [ctypes.c_double]
print(result(2.0))   # 1.4142...

import ctypes

x = ctypes.c_int(42)
print(x.value)   # 42

d = ctypes.c_double(3.14)
print(d.value)   # 3.14

s = ctypes.c_char_p(b"hello")
print(s.value)   # b"hello"

import ctypes, ctypes.util

libm = ctypes.CDLL(ctypes.util.find_library("m"))

libm.pow.argtypes = [ctypes.c_double, ctypes.c_double]
libm.pow.restype  = ctypes.c_double

print(libm.pow(2.0, 10.0))   # 1024.0

import ctypes

libc = ctypes.CDLL(None)   # None = current process

value = ctypes.c_int(0)
# Passing pointer to C function:
# libc.some_func(ctypes.byref(value))
print(value.value)

import ctypes

class Point(ctypes.Structure):
    _fields_ = [
        ("x", ctypes.c_double),
        ("y", ctypes.c_double),
    ]

p = Point(1.0, 2.0)
print(p.x, p.y)   # 1.0 2.0

import ctypes

IntArray5 = ctypes.c_int * 5
arr = IntArray5(10, 20, 30, 40, 50)
for v in arr:
    print(v, end=" ")   # 10 20 30 40 50

import ctypes

CompareFunc = ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_int)

def my_compare(a, b):
    return a - b

c_compare = CompareFunc(my_compare)
# Pass c_compare to a C function expecting a comparator

import ctypes   # Windows only

kernel32 = ctypes.WinDLL("kernel32", use_last_error=True)
kernel32.GetTickCount.restype = ctypes.c_ulong
print(kernel32.GetTickCount())

import ctypes

# Many C functions return -1 or NULL on error:
result = some_c_function()
if result == -1:
    raise OSError("C function failed")

# For errno on POSIX:
import os
if result < 0:
    raise OSError(os.strerror(ctypes.get_errno()))

import ctypes, ctypes.util

libcrypto = ctypes.CDLL(ctypes.util.find_library("crypto"))

SHA256 = libcrypto.SHA256
SHA256.argtypes = [ctypes.c_char_p, ctypes.c_size_t, ctypes.c_char_p]
SHA256.restype  = ctypes.c_char_p

buf = ctypes.create_string_buffer(32)
SHA256(b"hello", 5, buf)
print(buf.raw.hex())