Ethereum Virtual Machine

The Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) is the runtime that executes smart contract code on every Ethereum node.

It is a sandboxed, deterministic computer shared by the whole network.

The EVM is often called a world computer. Every full node runs the same EVM and processes the same transactions, arriving at the same result.

This shared execution is what gives Ethereum a single, agreed-upon state.

The EVM is a stack machine: operations push and pop values from a stack rather than using named registers.

For example, addition pops two values and pushes their sum.

Smart contracts are deployed as bytecode — a compact sequence of bytes the EVM understands. Solidity source is compiled down to this bytecode.

The EVM never sees your high-level Solidity; it only runs bytecode.

Bytecode is made of opcodes — single-byte instructions like ADD, MUL, SLOAD, and JUMP.

Each opcode performs one low-level operation and has a fixed gas cost. We explore opcodes in a later lesson.

The EVM is fully deterministic: the same inputs always produce the same outputs on every node.

This is essential — if nodes disagreed on results, the network could never reach consensus on the state.

The EVM operates on 256-bit words (32 bytes). This large size suits cryptographic operations like hashing and elliptic-curve math.

It is unusual compared to the 32- or 64-bit words of ordinary CPUs.

The EVM meters gas as it runs. Each opcode deducts its gas cost, and execution halts if gas runs out.

This guarantees termination and prevents any contract from running forever.

EVM execution is sandboxed: contract code cannot access the network, filesystem, or other processes.

It can only read and write blockchain state. This isolation keeps execution predictable and secure.

Many other blockchains run the EVM or a clone of it — Polygon, BNB Chain, Avalanche C-Chain, and Arbitrum among them.

This EVM compatibility lets developers deploy the same contracts across many chains.

The EVM is a deterministic, sandboxed, stack-based virtual machine that executes contract bytecode on every node, metering gas and operating on 256-bit words.

Its determinism is the foundation of network consensus.

Test your EVM knowledge.

You learned that:

• The EVM runs smart contract bytecode on every node
• It is a stack-based, deterministic, sandboxed machine
• Solidity compiles to bytecode made of opcodes
• It uses 256-bit words and meters gas

Next: EVM data locations.