검색형 CASE와 단순 CASE

CASE를 작성하는 두 가지 방법

단순 CASE — 개념

SELECT
  product_name,
  category_id,
  CASE category_id
    WHEN 1 THEN 'Electronics'
    WHEN 2 THEN 'Clothing'
    WHEN 3 THEN 'Books'
    ELSE 'Other'
  END AS category_name
FROM products;

단순 CASE 실습

SELECT
  order_id,
  status,
  CASE status
    WHEN 'pending'   THEN 'Awaiting payment'
    WHEN 'paid'      THEN 'Payment received'
    WHEN 'shipped'   THEN 'On its way'
    WHEN 'delivered' THEN 'Completed'
    ELSE 'Unknown status'
  END AS status_label
FROM orders;

검색 CASE — 개념

SELECT
  employee_name,
  salary,
  CASE
    WHEN salary < 30000  THEN 'Entry Level'
    WHEN salary < 60000  THEN 'Mid Level'
    WHEN salary < 100000 THEN 'Senior'
    ELSE 'Executive'
  END AS salary_band
FROM employees;

검색 CASE 실습

SELECT
  product_name,
  stock,
  price,
  CASE
    WHEN stock = 0              THEN 'Out of stock'
    WHEN stock < 10 AND price > 100 THEN 'Low stock — premium item'
    WHEN stock < 10             THEN 'Low stock'
    ELSE 'In stock'
  END AS availability
FROM products;

핵심 구조 차이

-- Simple CASE: equality only
SELECT CASE day_number
         WHEN 1 THEN 'Monday'
         WHEN 2 THEN 'Tuesday'
         ELSE 'Other'
       END AS day_name
FROM schedule;

-- Searched CASE: any condition
SELECT CASE
         WHEN day_number BETWEEN 1 AND 5 THEN 'Weekday'
         WHEN day_number IN (6, 7)        THEN 'Weekend'
       END AS day_type
FROM schedule;

NULL 처리 — 검색 CASE가 더 유리한 이유

-- Simple CASE: NULL branch never matches
SELECT CASE manager_id
         WHEN NULL THEN 'No manager'   -- this will NEVER fire
         ELSE 'Has manager'
       END
FROM employees;

-- Searched CASE: correct NULL check
SELECT CASE
         WHEN manager_id IS NULL THEN 'No manager'
         ELSE 'Has manager'
       END AS manager_status
FROM employees;

검색 CASE에서 열 결합

SELECT
  customer_name,
  total_orders,
  total_spent,
  CASE
    WHEN total_spent > 10000 AND total_orders > 20 THEN 'VIP'
    WHEN total_spent > 5000                        THEN 'Gold'
    WHEN total_orders > 10                         THEN 'Silver'
    ELSE 'Standard'
  END AS tier
FROM customers;

ORDER BY에서 CASE 사용

SELECT ticket_id, subject, priority
FROM support_tickets
ORDER BY
  CASE priority
    WHEN 'critical' THEN 1
    WHEN 'high'     THEN 2
    WHEN 'medium'   THEN 3
    WHEN 'low'      THEN 4
    ELSE 5
  END ASC;

집계 함수 안에서 CASE 사용

SELECT
  department,
  COUNT(*) AS total_employees,
  SUM(CASE WHEN gender = 'F' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS female_count,
  SUM(CASE WHEN gender = 'M' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS male_count,
  SUM(CASE WHEN salary > 70000 THEN salary ELSE 0 END) AS high_earner_payroll
FROM employees
GROUP BY department;

올바른 형식 선택

-- These two queries return identical results

-- Simple CASE (concise for equality)
SELECT CASE region_code
         WHEN 'US' THEN 'United States'
         WHEN 'UK' THEN 'United Kingdom'
         ELSE 'International'
       END AS region_name
FROM sales;

-- Equivalent Searched CASE
SELECT CASE
         WHEN region_code = 'US' THEN 'United States'
         WHEN region_code = 'UK' THEN 'United Kingdom'
         ELSE 'International'
       END AS region_name
FROM sales;

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